1. Variables: MEASURING

2. Starting Phase 2: Research Design

3. Overview of Research Methodologies Non-experimental QualitativeCase study Phenomenology Ethnography Historical Literature Review QuantitativeObservational Survey Archival Meta-analysis ExperimentalExperiment Quasi-experiment Design Choices…

4. Research QuestionDescriptive, Relational, Causal Conceptual FocusBasic versus Applied Unit of AnalysisIntrapersonal, Interpersonal, Group, Societal Variable TypeMind – Affect and Cognition Body – Behavior, Physiology/Biology How ElicitedDirectly (such as survey, experiment) Indirectly (such as archival, observational) TemporallyCrossectional, Sequential, Longitudinal Overview of Research Methodologies Cross-cutting issues…

5. Variables Definition – Any factor upon which people/situations differ At Phase 1 Variables are the person/situation factors that you evaluated for your descriptive, relational, and causal “Worksheets” At Phase 2 Variables are the factors that you either measure or manipulate So we are going to translate your theoretical variable (CONSTRUCT) into an operational variable (VARIABLE)

6. Variables Many names for variables… (conceptual point of view) Variable Moderator Mediator Independent Dependent Confounds (practical point of view) Categorical Continuous Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

7. (1) Measures - EXISTING Where to find them? Test Banks Databases Secondary Sources Google Invisible College How to evaluate them -- We’ll do later Does it apply to your construct? Is it valid and reliable?

8. (2) Measures - NEW How to craft them? Define topic Generate items Evaluate items Assign Measurement format How to evaluate them -- We’ll do later Does it apply to your construct? Is it valid and reliable?

9. Advanced source Scale Development: Theory and applications. Edited by DeVellis, Sage Publications, 1991. (Volume 26 of the Applied Social Research Methods Series)