1. Eisenhower’s Adventures in the Cold War

2. Eisenhower “ends” The Korean War Stalin dies in March, 1953, creating lots of uncertainty in the Communist world- will the Soviet Union be there to support North Korea and other nations? Eisenhower seizes on this uncertainty (and threatens to use nuclear weapons) to kick-start negotiations; his diplomacy leads to a ceasefire July 23, 1953: agreement leaves Korea divided near 38th parallel again US-South Korea Security Treaty (1953): Stalin dies in March, 1953, creating lots of uncertainty in the Communist world- will the Soviet Union be there to support North Korea and other nations? Eisenhower seizes on this uncertainty (and threatens to use nuclear weapons) to kick-start negotiations; his diplomacy leads to a ceasefire July 23, 1953: agreement leaves Korea divided near 38th parallel again US-South Korea Security Treaty (1953):

3. “The New Look” foreign policy Ike’s Secretary of State: John Foster Dulles “The New Look” relied on: A smaller army and a greater reliance on nuclear weapons Use nuclear deterrence instead of fighting small limited wars Threaten the Soviet Union with “massive retaliation” “Mutual Assured Destruction” MAD Avoid smaller wars and conflicts like Korea; keep the peace through the threat of overwhelming force and destruction No more wars to enforce Truman’s “containment” policy Result: Ike’s Secretary of State: John Foster Dulles “The New Look” relied on: A smaller army and a greater reliance on nuclear weapons Use nuclear deterrence instead of fighting small limited wars Threaten the Soviet Union with “massive retaliation” “Mutual Assured Destruction” MAD Avoid smaller wars and conflicts like Korea; keep the peace through the threat of overwhelming force and destruction No more wars to enforce Truman’s “containment” policy Result:

4. The H-Bomb: The Poster Boy of the Arms Race. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bo mb/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bo mb/ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= fd1IFjBNNVo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= fd1IFjBNNVo March 1, 1954: Castle Bravo test at Bikini Atoll Hiroshima: 12 kilotons of TNT Castle Bravo: 15,000 kilotons Largest test ever: Soviet “Tsar Bomba:” 50,000 kilotons

5. “Pactomania:” Eisenhower and Dulles’ diplomatic strategy Eisenhower and Dulles sign treaties with 43 countries, surrounding the Soviet Union with military bases in friendly countries “A ring around the Soviet Union” Examples: Baghdad Pact (CENTO Alliance), 1953: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 1954: Eisenhower and Dulles sign treaties with 43 countries, surrounding the Soviet Union with military bases in friendly countries “A ring around the Soviet Union” Examples: Baghdad Pact (CENTO Alliance), 1953: Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), 1954:

6. A temporary thaw in the Cold War Ike believed that friendlier relations were possible after Stalin’s death At the same time the U.S. builds up nuclear arsenal, he works for disarmament “Atoms for Peace” plan, 1953 Geneva Summit, 1955: Eisenhower meets Nikita Khruschev “Open Skies” plan, 1955 Ike believed that friendlier relations were possible after Stalin’s death At the same time the U.S. builds up nuclear arsenal, he works for disarmament “Atoms for Peace” plan, 1953 Geneva Summit, 1955: Eisenhower meets Nikita Khruschev “Open Skies” plan, 1955

7. The Growing Power of the CIA The CIA was seen by many as the “good way” to fight Communism: avoid direct conflict and war Conducted spying and “covert ops” in other countries Given permission to spend unlimited amounts of money in 1949 without Congressional supervision The CIA bribed overseas politicians, hired secret armies, and plotted assassinations in “developing nations” to stop Communism and support our allies; What did YOU find out when you Googled the CIA and the 50s? Talk to your neighbors! Read this for more incredible details: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/22/usa.simontisdall The CIA was seen by many as the “good way” to fight Communism: avoid direct conflict and war Conducted spying and “covert ops” in other countries Given permission to spend unlimited amounts of money in 1949 without Congressional supervision The CIA bribed overseas politicians, hired secret armies, and plotted assassinations in “developing nations” to stop Communism and support our allies; What did YOU find out when you Googled the CIA and the 50s? Talk to your neighbors! Read this for more incredible details: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/jun/22/usa.simontisdall

8. The CIA in Iran The oil-rich nation of Iran was ruled by an elected Parliament and a Shah (king). The oil fields were controlled by British and American oil companies The newly elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadeg nationalizes the oil and kicks out foreign companies! Operation AJAX (1953): The oil-rich nation of Iran was ruled by an elected Parliament and a Shah (king). The oil fields were controlled by British and American oil companies The newly elected Prime Minister, Mohammad Mossadeg nationalizes the oil and kicks out foreign companies! Operation AJAX (1953):

9. Mossadeq vs. The CIA Prime Minister Mossadeq and CIA agent Kermit Roosevelt… Teddy’s nephew.

10. Vietnam French Indochina had been a colony since the 1880s Communist leader Ho Chi Minh fights for independence from the French in the years after WWII. U.S. paid for 75% of France’s military effort to retake control after WWII French surrendered at Dienbienphu on May 7, 1954 1954 Geneva Peace Accords:

11. The Domino Theory takes hold. Eisenhower and his advisors believed that if one Asian nation falls to Communism, they all will! The CIA installs Ngo Dinh Diem as President of South Vietnam; gives him billions of dollars and American military advisors

12. The Suez Crisis- 1956 Egypt declared itself independent in 1953 Gen. Gamal Abdel Nasser demanded that Britain give up the Suez Canal 75% of Western Europe’s oil traveled through the Canal; $25 million in tolls every year

13. Suez Crisis (cont.) October, 1956: Britain, Israel, and France invaded Egypt; the Soviet Union threatened to intervene- very close to nuclear war! The UN and US condemn the three allies, they pull out, and the canal was given to Egypt Eisenhower Doctrine: For more info: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5195068.stm October, 1956: Britain, Israel, and France invaded Egypt; the Soviet Union threatened to intervene- very close to nuclear war! The UN and US condemn the three allies, they pull out, and the canal was given to Egypt Eisenhower Doctrine: For more info: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5195068.stm

14. The Space Race Begins!!! Soviets launch 184 pound satellite Sputnik into orbit on October 4, 1957 “A technological Pearl Harbor!” Sputnik II launched on November 3, 1957… with a dog!!! NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) created in 1958 Massive spending on education, emphasis on science, math, foreign languages 1/3 of all scientists on college campuses were doing work for the Pentagon Soviets launch 184 pound satellite Sputnik into orbit on October 4, 1957 “A technological Pearl Harbor!” Sputnik II launched on November 3, 1957… with a dog!!! NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) created in 1958 Massive spending on education, emphasis on science, math, foreign languages 1/3 of all scientists on college campuses were doing work for the Pentagon

15. The Kitchen Debate https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- CvQOuNecy4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- CvQOuNecy4 When did this event (pictured to the right) take place? Who are these two men, and what were they arguing about? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- CvQOuNecy4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- CvQOuNecy4 When did this event (pictured to the right) take place? Who are these two men, and what were they arguing about?

16. Revolution in Cuba: January 1, 1959 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IqFxcw Wv2Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IqFxcw Wv2Q Who is this man? What happened in Cuba, and why was it problematic for America? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IqFxcw Wv2Q https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6IqFxcw Wv2Q Who is this man? What happened in Cuba, and why was it problematic for America?

17. The U-2 Incident: May 1, 1960 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eaf6cyd nJG0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eaf6cyd nJG0 What happened to this airplane, and what was its historical significance?

18. Ike’s Farewell Address http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ dwightdeisenhowerfarewell.html http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/ dwightdeisenhowerfarewell.html What did he warn about in this famous farewell address? Was he right to be concerned?