2.  physical or chemical agents that prevent putrefaction, infection, and analogous changes in food and living tissue by destroying or arresting the development of microorganisms. Since ancient times food has been preserved by the use of antiseptic agents such as heat in cooking; niter, salt, and vinegar in corning and pickling; and wood smoke (containing creosote, chemically similar to carbolic acid) in the smoking of meats. In modern times the principal antiseptic agents used in the preservation of food are heat and cold in such processes as canning, pasteurization, and refrigeration.

3.  Disinfectants should not damage the materials that are being treated (change the colour, lead to metal corrosion, etc).The absence of an offensive odour is desirable.  Phenol coefficient (the ratio between the concentrations of phenol and the antiseptic under test, in which both substances provide equal antimicrobialeffect) is a common measure of antiseptic activity.

4.  The mechanisms of action of different antiseptics and disinfectants vary; they may include protein denaturation, impairment of plasma membrane permeability and inhibition of the enzymes which are required for the vital activity of microbes.  According to their chemical structures, these preparations fall into the following groups

5.  Detergens  Cerigelum  Derivatives of nitrofuran  Nitrofural  Group of phenol and its derivatives  Phenol  Resorcin  Birch tar  Dues  Brilliant green  Methylene blue  Ethacridine  Halogens  Chlorhexidine  Chloramine B  Iodine  Salts of metals  Mercuri dichloride  Mercuri oxide  Silver nitrate  Copper sulfate 

6. Salts of metals Mercuri dichloride Mercuri oxide Silver nitrate Copper sulfate Zinc oxide Zinc sulfate Oxidizing agents Hydrogen peroxide Potassium permanganate Aldehydes and alcohols Formaldehyde Ethanol Acids and bases Boric acid Ammonium solution

7.  trace element, present in a hormone of the thyroid gland that is involved in growth-controlling and other metabolic functions. Without iodine, stunted growth and conditions such as goiter can result. Thus in areas where iodine is not sufficiently abundant naturally, iodine-containing salt serves to make up the deficit. In medicine, iodine-alcohol solutions and iodine complexes have been used as antiseptics and disinfectants. Radioisotopes of iodine are used in medical and other fields of research. More broadly, various iodine compounds find use in photography, the making of dyes, and cloud-seeding operations. In chemistry, various iodine compounds serve as strong oxidizing agents, among other uses.

8.  Mercury forms monovalent and divalent compounds. Among the commercially important compounds of mercury are mercuric sulfide, a common antiseptic also used as the pigment vermilion; mercurous chloride, or calomel, used for electrodes, and formerly used as a cathartic; mercuric chloride, or corrosive sublimate; and organic compounds used as disinfectants, germicides, and antiseptics, known as mercurials.

9. The value of antiseptics and disinfectants is very large. They are used in the treatment of infected wounds, lesions microorganisms skin and mucous membranes, water treatment and food, for disinfection of medical instruments, clothes, etc. Antiseptics and disinfectants should have a broad spectrum ¬ thrombosis action against microorganisms, protozoa and fungi, characterized by a low latency of action and high activity, including in the presence of biological substrates. Importantly, the formulations were stable and available mimic in terms of production and cost.

10.  Important requirements for antiseptics are no local adverse ¬ th (eg, irritation) of the action on the tissues, minimal absorbability from the place of their application, the absence of allergenic effects and low toxicity.

11.  Disinfectants should not damage the workpiece (¬ adopt changes color, corrode metals, etc.). It is desirable to lack of unpleasant odor ¬ tion. A common criterion for evaluating the ac ¬ ciency is the so-called antiseptics ¬ emy phenol coefficient (the ratio of the concentrations of phenol and test anti ¬ septic tank in which substances have Odie ¬ tical antimicrobial effect). The mechanism of action of different antiseptics and disinfectants varies and may be associated with protein denaturation, ¬ violations on permeability of the plasma membrane, inhibition of important life ¬ microbial activity of enzymes. According to the chemical structure of drugs are discussed in the following groups.

12.  Detergents Tserigel Nitrofuran derivatives Furatsilinom Group of phenol and its derivatives Pure phenol resorcinol Birch Tar Dyes Brilliant Green Methylene Blue etakridina lactate Halogen compounds Chloramine B chlorhexidine alcohol solution of iodine The metal compounds Mercury Mercury dichloride oxide yellow Silver nitrate, copper sulphate Zinc Oxide Zinc Sulphate Oxidants A solution of potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide Aldehydes and alcohols Ethanol solution of formaldehyde Acids and alkalis Boric acid solution of ammonia

13.  Detergents or cationic soaps, detergents and have antiseptic properties. They affect many bacteria and fungi. One such drug is tserigel. It comprises a cationic detergent - monochetvertichnuyu ammonium salt cetylpyridinium chloride, and ethyl alcohol and polyvinyl butyral. Belongs to this group and Rokkan, has pronounced surface activity. It is a mono- quaternary ammonium salt. Detergents are used for the treatment of hand surgery, sterilization of instruments and equipment. Conventional concentrations tissue irritation they cause. Detergents can be combined with anionic soaps, as this decreases their antimicrobial activity. The action of detergents is also reduced to under ¬ presence of organic matter. An important group of antiseptics are nitrofuran derivatives. These include furatsilin (Nitrofurazone, nitrofurazone). Nitrofurans have a broad spectrum of action. They are detrimental effect on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, protozoa.

14.  Furatsilinom used mainly topically for treatment of wounds, skin, mucous membranes, wash serous and joint canvases. Transferred ¬ furatsilin relates generally good. Sometimes it causes sensitization, dermatitis. Group of phenol and its derivatives include many well-known anti ¬ septic aromatic. These include oxybenzene (pure phenol) and aioksibenzoly (resorcinol, etc.). Phenol acts mainly on vegetative bacteria and fungi. Phenol solution used to disinfect the tool, household items. Note that toxic phenol having high lipophilicity, is easily absorbed from the skin and mucous membranes. Resorcinol for antibacterial activity gives phenol. In low concentrations ¬ centrations resorcinol has keratoplastic property in large - ¬ capable of damaging stimuli and keratolytic. Use it with some skin diseases ¬ tions (eg, eczema, seborrhea, etc.), conjunctivitis. The composition includes phenol birch tar and derivatives thereof, gums, and other compounds. A preparation in the dry distillation of birch bark. Be tar ¬ cuts has antimicrobial, keratoplastic, keratolytic and irritating effects. It is used in the treatment of certain skin diseases ¬ vany and scabies.

15.  Birch Tar is one of the components of the liniment balsa ¬ nomic by AV Vishnevsky (Vishnevsky ointment) used in the treatment of wounds ¬ chenii and ointments Wilkinson, appointed in scabies and fungal ¬ on the expressions of the skin. The group of dyes include a number of compounds with different chemical stro ¬ eniya. The most widely used derivative of triphenylmethane DIAMONDS ¬ vy green. Sometimes the use of the phenothiazine methylene blue and acridine derivative etakridina lactate. Especially sensitive to dyes Gram-positive cocci. Brilliant green is a highly active and relatively rapid ¬ rodeystvuyuschim antiseptic. In the presence of proteins reduces the efficiency of its ¬ Xia. Applied externally, mainly in purulent skin lesions (pyoderma).

16. Among the effective chlorine antiseptic chlorhexidine is a biguanide derivative (hibitan). It has antibacterial and antifungal action. It is used for the treatment of hand surgery, the surgical field, wounds, urinary bladder, as well as for sterilizing instruments. In processing the surgeon's hands are possible dry skin, dermatitis. By chlorinated compounds is also pantotsid used to disinfect water. In widely used as an antiseptic iodine alcohol solution, which is characterized as irritating and distracting effects. In addition to compositions comprising elemental iodine refers Lugol's solution (consisting of 1 part of iodine, 2 parts of potassium iodide and 17 parts of water) at ¬ replaceable for lubricating mucous membrane of the pharynx and larynx during inflammatory ¬ cesses. A significant number of antiseptics provided compounds (salts) IU ¬ als. The mechanism of action of the antimicrobial metal salts at low concentrations ¬ tions associated with the blocking of sulfhydryl groups of enzymes of micro ¬ isms.

17.  In high concentrations, depending on the nature of the metal and oxygen ¬ acid residue, salt concentration, degree of dissociation and solubility can be various local effects: astringent, irritating, Presser ¬ ity of the incoming (necrotizing). Local effect of metal salts due to the denaturation of proteins. ¬ forming schiesya with albuminates can be dense and doughy. In the first case, the surface of the fabric form a film, the fabric is compacted, reduced inflammation ¬ creases, this pattern is typical of the binding activities. With deeper penetration pro ¬ substance is irritating cells and nerve endings. Extreme manifestation of a cauterizing effect of metal salts. After ¬ dnee more pronounced than the more soluble albuminates.

18.  Methylene blue (metiltioniya chloride, methylene blue) ¬ ledge is on the activity of brilliant green. It is used externally as a antiseptic inside with infections of the urinary tract, as well as intravenously with cyanide poisoning. Efficacy in the latter case due to the fact that methylene blue (high doses) needs hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which comes into contact with cyanide to form nontoxic cyanmethemoglobin. Etakridina lactate (rivanol) painted in yellow color. Most had fairly high, but the action is slow. Apply it out ¬ but for the washing of infected cavities (pleura, peritoneum), bladder, uterus. Antiseptic agents are halogen containing ¬ E chloro and iodo. The most active antiseptics containing basic halo ¬ genes or excusing them. One of the drugs that are split off chlorine, chloramine B is having antibacterial and deodorizing properties. It is used to disinfect secretions of patients (eg, abdominal ¬ nom typhoid, cholera, tuberculosis, etc.), household items, non- metallic ¬ strumentariya Institute, as well as for the treatment of hands and infected wound surfaces.

19.  On the solubility of the resulting albumins in water and biological fluid ¬ bones metals can be arranged in the following order: PB... Al, Zn, Cu, Ag,... Hg. We lead salts is most pronounced astringent (form dense al ¬ buminaty) for salts of mercury - cautery. Simultaneously, in this series of lead to mercury increases antimicrobial activity. As antiseptics greatest interest are the metal salts on the right side row, particularly mercury and silver. Of mercury salts are used as antiseptics following preparations: