1. Central Nervous System
Limbic System 边缘系统

2. Introduction

3. History
Paul Broca ( ): a French physician, surgeon,anatomist, and anthropologist. He is best known for his research on Broca's area, a region of the frontal lobe that has been named after him.
The term “le grand lobe limbique”（边缘叶）was first used by Broca in 1878.

4. Uncus

5. James Papez ( ):
an American neuroanatomist
He is most famous for his 1937 description of the Papez circuit which is a neural pathway in the brain thought to be involved in the cortical control of emotion.

6. Papez Circuit (Emotions)
Mammillothalamic
tract
Fornix
Mammillary bodies
Other hypothalamic nuclei
Septal nuclei
Substantia innominata
(Basal nucleus of Meynert)
Hippocampal Formation
(hippocampus
and dentate gyrus)
Anterior Thalamic
nuclear group
Neocortex
Parahippocampal Gyrus
Cortex of Cingulate Gyrus

8. Paul D. MacLean ( )
an American physician and neuroscientist who made significant contributions in the fields of physiology, psychiatry, and brain research.
The term ‘limbic system’ was first used by MacLean in 1952 to describe a set of structurally and functionally related structures of the brain bordering the midline, inner surface of each cerebral hemisphere.

9. The main circuit of Limbic System

10. Anatomy of limbic system

11. What are the components of limbic system ?
Core component: hippocampus and amygdala.
Cortex: Cingulated and prefrontal cortex.
Nuclei: hippocampus , septal , amygdala.
Anterior and dorsomedial thalamus
Hypothalamus- mammillary body and ventromedial hypothalamus.

12. What are the main functions of Limbic System?
Preservation of self (Homeostatic) and species (Reproduction).
Visceral brain, less concerned with external environment
Responsible for internal and emotional aspect of our behavior.

13. What are the other important functions of limbic System?
Generates emotions (Emotional brain)
Add feeling to sensory experience which direct to behavior.
Affect: interpret the sensory experience as pleasant or unpleasant.
Memory and learning which is closely linked to emotion.
Sexual behavior, emotions of rage ,fear, anxiety and motivation

14. Components Amygdaloid body 杏仁体 Hippocampus (“seahorse”) 海马
Hypothalamus 下丘脑
Parahippocampal gyrus 海马旁回
Cingulate gyus 扣带回
Mamillary bodies 乳头体
Anterior nucleus of thalamus 丘脑前核

15. Part 1. Amygdaloid body

16. Amygdaloid body :
Large nuclear group in temporal lobe.

17. Regions of the Amygdala
Large basolateral region: 基底外侧核
Provides direct input to basal ganglia and motor system.
Small corticomedial group of nuclei: 皮质内侧核
Related to olfactory cortex.
Central nuclei: 中央核
Connected to hypothalamus.

18. （皮质内侧核）
（中央核）
（基底外侧核）

19. Amygdala Connections AMYGDALA Stria Terminalis Hypothalamus 终纹 下丘脑
Cerebral cortex（大脑皮质）
Olfactory system（嗅觉系统）
Thalamus（丘脑）
Brainstem reticular formation
（脑干网状结构）
Hypothalamus
下丘脑
Stria
Terminalis 终纹
AMYGDALA
Ventral Amygdalofugal fibers
杏仁核腹侧通路

20. Amygdala Inputs AMYGDALA Olfactory System Corticomedial Nuclear Group
Temporal Lobe
(associated with visual,
auditory, tactile senses)
Basolateral Nuclear
Group
Central Nucleus
Brainstem (viscerosensory relay
Nuclei: solitary nucleus
and parabrachial nucleus)
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers

21. Amygdala Outputs AMYGDALA Septal Nuclei Hypothalamus
Stria Terminalis
Septal Nuclei
Hypothalamus
AMYGDALA
Corticomedial Nuclear
Group
Dorsal Medial Thalamic Nucleus
Nucleus Accumbens（伏核）
Hypothalamus
Basolateral Nuclear
Group
Central Nucleus
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers
Nuclei of
ANS
Ventral
Amygdalofugal
Fibers

22. Functions of the Amygdala
Relate environmental stimuli to coordinated behavioral autonomic and endocrine responses seen in species-preservation.
Responses include:
Feeding and drinking
Agnostic (fighting) behavior
Mating and maternal care
Responses to physical or emotional stresses.

23. Part 2. Hippocampus

24. Greek: “Sea Monster” Fornix commissure 穹窿连合 Mammillary body Fornix 穹窿
Fimbria 海马伞
Dentate gyrus
齿状回
Hippocampus
Greek: “Sea Monster”

25. “C” shaped structure in medial temporal lobe
Gross Anatomy and location
From Digital Anatomist
“C” shaped structure in medial temporal lobe

26. Morphology Another terminology mess Allocortex/ archicortex 古皮质
Hippocampal formation 海马结构
Dentate gyrus 齿状回
Hippocampus 海马
“Cornu ammonis” 阿蒙氏角
Subicular complex 下托
Entorhinal cortex 内嗅皮质

27. Hippocampus 1- hippocampal body 2 – head and digitationes hippocampi
3 – hippocampal tail
4 – fimbria (fornix) 海马伞
5 – fornix 穹隆
6 – subiculum 下托

29. Hippocampus
Any sensory stimulus will go to the hippocampus, and from there to the thalamus, hypothalamus and other limbic structures through FORNIX.
Stimulation of hippocampus can cause pleasure, rage, sex drive, etc.
Important feature of hippocampus is that it creates prolonged response
It has only three layered cortex.
It has role in learning and memory

30. Neocortex greatest developed in human

31. Hippocampus of Rat

32. Development of Hippocampus
From Digital Anatomist
From Digital Anatomist

34. Cytoarchitecture Two interlocking cell fields Dentate gyrus
hippocampus
Human
Rodent

35. CA1-CA3: pyramidal neurons Dentate Gyrus: granule cellsso sp sl sr ml
sl-m
Stratum oriens 始层
Stratum pyramidale 锥体层
Stratum lucidum 透明层
Stratum radiatum 辐射层
Stratum lacunosum-moleculare 网状分子层
Hilus
CA1-CA3: pyramidal neurons
Dentate Gyrus: granule cells

36. Intrinsic connections
Cajal, 1901

37. hippocampal Network: The hippocampus forms a principally uni-directional network, with input from the Entorhinal Cortex (EC) that forms connections with the Dentate Gyrus (DG) and CA3 pyramidal neurons via the Perforant Path (PP). CA3 neurons also receive input from the DG via the Mossy Fibres (MF). They send axons to CA1 pyramidal cells via the Schaffer Collateral Pathway (SC), as well as to CA1 cells in the contralateral hippocampus via the Associational Commisural (AC) Pathway. CA1 neurons also receive inputs direct from the Perforant Path and send axons to the Subiculum (Sb). These neurons in turn send the main hippocampal output back to the EC, forming a loop.

38. Connections Afferents: Much of cortex is reciprocally
connected to entorhinal cortex
内嗅皮质
Cholinergic and GABA input
via septal nuclei 隔核
Amygdala
VTA 中脑腹侧被盖区, LC蓝斑,
Raphe n. 中缝核
Efferents
Via the fornix 穹隆
Precommissural: septal nuclei
Post-commisural: mammillary
bodies (to anterior thalamic
nucleus via mammillothalamic
tract)

39. Two limbic Axis Hippocampal Extroceptive 外感受
Cognitive processes-learning and memory 认知
Receive information from cortical sensory areas
Project to ant. Thalamus
Ant. Thalamus-cingulate gyrus-hippocampus (Papez circuit)
Hippocampus-mammillary body-thalamus
Project to basal ganglion
Project to mid brain via medial forebrain bundle.
Amygdaloid
Introceptive内感受
Generation of emotions, motivational states 情感，动机
Cortical sensory areas and internal organs
Dorso medial thalamus
Dorso medial thalamus-prefrontal cortex-amygdala.
Amygdala –ventro medial hypothalamus
Project to basal ganglion.
Project to mid brain via medial forebrain bundle.

41. Part 3. Hypothalamus

42. Limbic system and hypothalamus

43. Hypothalamus 下丘脑

44. Peptidergic neuroendocrine cells: Magnocellular neurons
“Large” neurons
Located in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
Secrete oxytocin and vasopressin into general circulation via posterior pituitary
Oxytocin uterine contraction & milk ejection
Vasopressin vasoconstriction, water resorption by the kidney

45. Peptidergic neuroendocrine cells: Parvocellular neurons
“small” neurons
Located in medial basal region, arcuate and tuberal nuclei, periventricular region, preoptic and paraventricular nuclei
Secrete releasing and inhibiting hormones into portal vasculature via anterior pituitary
Nobel prize awarded to Guillemin (Salk), Schally and Yalow in 1977 for their (independent) work in proving the hypothesis that the hypothalamus releases hormones that regulate the pituitary

48. Portal veins of hypophysis

50. Hypothalamus pathways
Afferent Pathway
Projecting from
Median forebrain bundle
Collaterals from other tracts
Fornix
Hippocampus (to MB)
Stria terminalis
amygdala
Efferent Pathway
Projecting to
hypothalamicohypophyseal (from supraoptic nuclei)
Neurohypophysis (pituitary)
Mammillothalamic tract
Anterior thalamic nucleus
Widespread projections to many brain regions, including the cerebral cortex, via histamine and hypocretin containing neurons in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus

51. Part 4. Cingulate gyus and Parahippocampal gyrus

54. 思考题 简述边缘系统的研究历史 边缘系统包括哪些结构？核心结构是什么？ 试述杏仁核的位置、核团分部、纤维联系及功能。
试述海马的位置、分区、细胞构筑、内部通路及外部纤维联系。
试述下丘脑的位置及其与神经内分泌的关系。

55. Thanks !