1. L EARNING Chapter 8

2. B EHAVIORISM Popular 1920s – 1960s Rose to prominence after WWI due to decreasing popularity of Freud’s theories John B. Watson viewed psychology as objective, quantitative science of observable behavior

3. L EARNING Learning relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience experience (nurture) is the key to learning

4. A SSOCIATION Learning to associate two events Event 1Event 2 Sea snail associates splash with a tail shock Seal learns to expect a snack for its showy antics

5. C LASSICAL OR P AVLOVIAN C ONDITIONING Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive secretions

6. C LASSICAL OR P AVLOVIAN C ONDITIONING We learn to associate two stimuli Two related events: Lightning Stimulus 1 Thunder Stimulus 2 Result after repetition We see lightning Stimulus We wince anticipating thunder Response

7. C LASSICAL OR P AVLOVIAN C ONDITIONING Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally- triggers a response Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus salivation when food is in the mouth

8. C LASSICAL OR P AVLOVIAN C ONDITIONING Conditioned Stimulus (CS) previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR) learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

9. P AVLOV ’ S C LASSIC E XPERIMENT Before Conditioning During ConditioningAfter Conditioning UCS (food in mouth) Neutral stimulus (tone) No salivation UCR (salivation) Neutral stimulus (tone) UCS (food in mouth) UCR (salivation) CS (tone) CR (salivation)

10. C LASSICAL OR P AVLOVIAN C ONDITIONING Pavlov’s device for recording salivation

11. C ONDITIONING Acquisition the initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened Extinction diminishing of a CR in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow a CS

12. C LASSICAL OR P AVLOVIAN C ONDITIONING Spontaneous Recovery reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished CR Generalization tendency for a stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

13. C LASSICAL OR P AVLOVIAN C ONDITIONING Discrimination in classical conditioning, the ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal and UCS

14. O PERANT C ONDITIONING Operant Conditioning type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment Law of Effect Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

15. O PERANT C ONDITIONING Operant Behavior complex or voluntary behaviors push button, perform complex task operates (acts) on environment produces consequences Respondent Behavior occurs as an automatic response to stimulus behavior learned through classical conditioning

16. O PERANT C ONDITIONING B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) elaborated Thorndike’s Law of Effect developed behavioral technology Skinner Box soundproof chamber with a bar or key that an animal presses or pecks to release a food or water reward contains a device to record responses

17. O PERANT C ONDITIONING Reinforcer any event that strengthens the behavior it follows Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Shaping conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

19. T YPES OF R EINFORCERS Primary Reinforcer innately reinforcing stimulus satisfies a biological need Secondary Reinforcer conditioned reinforcer learned through association with primary reinforcer

20. S CHEDULES OF R EINFORCEMENT Continuous Reinforcement learning occurs rapidly extinction occurs rapidly Partial Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the time results in slower acquisition greater resistance to extinction

21. S CHEDULES OF R EINFORCEMENT Fixed Ratio (FR) reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Example: Variable Ratio (VR) reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses Example: like gambling, fishing Both number of times

22. S CHEDULES OF R EINFORCEMENT Fixed Interval (FI) reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Example: Variable Interval (VI) reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals produces slow steady responding like pop quiz Both focused on time

23. S CHEDULES OF R EINFORCEMENT Variable Interval Number of responses 1000 750 500 250 0 10203040506070 Time (minutes) Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio Fixed Interval Steady responding Rapid responding near time for reinforcement 80

24. P UNISHMENT Punishment aversive event that decreases the behavior that it follows Problems with punishment:

26. A PPLICATIONS OF B EHAVIORISM School Work Home

27. O BSERVATIONAL L EARNING Observational Learning learning by observing and imitating others Discovery of mirror neurons Modeling process of observing and imitating behavior Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior opposite of antisocial behavior

28. S OCIAL L EARNING T HEORY Albert Bandura (Neobehaviorist b/c he uses unobservable processes in explanations) Bobo doll experiment Modeling

29. B EHAVIORISM WAS DISPROVED : Biological predispositions interfere: Garcia and Koelling Brelands Rozin

30. B EHAVIORISM WAS DISPROVED : Cognitive Interference: Tolman Rescorla Overjustification Emory Study

31. B EHAVIORAL T HERAPIES Behavior Modification (Therapy) – applies learning principles to eliminate unwanted behaviors. Counter conditioning (Classic) techniques – pairs the trigger stimulus with a new response. Systematic Desensitization Mary Cover Jones Wolpe Progressive relaxation Exposure therapy – can use imagination or reality to face a feared situation Aversive Conditioning – pairs associations with unpleasant feelings and the unwanted behavior. Examples Mowrer Operant Conditioning Token Economy – rewards for desired behaviors Concerns?

32. O BSERVATIONAL L EARNING Observational Learning learning by observing and imitating others Discovery of mirror neurons Modeling process of observing and imitating behavior Prosocial Behavior positive, constructive, helpful behavior

33. S OCIAL L EARNING T HEORY Albert Bandura (Neobehaviorist b/c he uses unobservable processes in explanations) Bobo doll experiment Modeling

34. E VALUATION OF B EHAVIORISM Overall positives Many useful practical applications Empirical Perspective Overall negatives Too deterministic Largely based on work with animals Use of behaviorists principles to control others is unethical