1. Industry & Railroads Main Idea: During the late 1800s, new technology led to rapid industrial growth and the expansion of railroads

2. Industrial Revolutions Industrial Rev. began in early 1800s in U.S. -Water/steam power replaced animal/human labor -Worked in factories instead of at home In late 1800s, electrical power replaced steam -Factories became larger and made more goods -Quicker transportation moved goods/people cheaper -This change is called the Second Industrial Revolution

3. Making Steel Using a blast of hot air to purify molten iron and convert it to steel Patented by Henry Bessemer of England “Bessemer process” allowed American steel mills to work faster & more cheaply US 1873- 115,000 tons & by 1910 – 24 million ton Steel was stronger, less brittle, & shaped easier than iron -companies could build longer bridges / taller buildings -cost of steel was low & used to make nails & wire

4. Oil Industry Begins Important fuel source & factory lubricant Demand for oil led companies to search for oil -hired Edwin Drake & found 1 st well in PA in 1859 Drake’s well attracted many other oil prospectors, called “wildcatters,” to the area Texas – 1901 – Spindletop Hill – 17 million bar. in 1902 -many of top oil companies started at Spindletop -Exxon Mobil, Gulf Oil, Texaco -refined into kerosene for lamps & gas -oil products became major sources of energy for industry & transportation

5. Transcontinental Railroad Union Pacific started at Omaha Nebraska & went west -Hired Irish, German, English, Afr Amer., N.A. workers Central Pacific began in Sacramento, CA & worked east -Chinese workers blasted through mts. & cross deserts May 1869, rail lines met in Promentory Summit, UT Cheap steel helped other railroad expand, too -cost went from $50/ton in 1877 to $12/ton – 1897 -1865 to 1890, number of railroad track increased 5x

6. Effects of Expansion Railroads promoted trade & provided jobs Demand for rails/railcars aided steel & train makers Journey to West now takes 6 days (& not 6 months) -this sped up settlement of the West Railroads led to creation of “Standard Time” -running a railroad required precise timekeeping -people used to keep track of time by sun’s position -noon in Chicago was 12:31 in Pittsburgh -MI had 27 different local times

7. Hey, it’s About TIME! NY principal 1 st proposed dividing Earth into time zones Railroad companies loved & adopted times zones for rail service in 1883 Congress adopts time zones (Standard Time) for the nation in 1918