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Published byGordon McCormick Modified over 8 years ago
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Adjusting to Total War
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Military tactic employed by the North to defeat the South so soundly, the separatist government would have no other choice to come back to the Union Total war tested societies, economies, and political systems as well as military planners and civilians
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South had a passionate cause for the war; willing to defend slavery till the death North resolve was a bit more mixed; not quite as distinguishable Confederate soldiers were predicted to be better soldiers than the Yankees New land better → home court advantage Farm boys, used to riding and shooting A majority of the Union soldiers would be farm boys as well
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UNION ARMYCONFEDERATE ARMY Trial and error in deciding what type of strategy to use Take the capitol city of the Confederacy: Richmond Anaconda Plan, suggested by Gen. Winfield Scott Pres. Lincoln would decide on a two-front war Good strategies, but lack of good military leadership Choice of defensive or sudden offensive strategy Pres. Davis chose a defensive strategy; best suited for the strengths and weaknesses of the South BUT, this did not obliterate the possibility of invasion of the Union if necessary
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Both sides had more volunteers than positions Control of militias Problems with re-enlistment Both enacted conscription/draft Inefficient supply flow b/c of private industry
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Romanticized idea of war ½ believed in cause ½ were bribed or drafted Both Northern and Southern armies were ill prepared Training camps created units, rather than individuals Poor uniforms and horrible food South relied on exports, Northern blockade was effective North had more men, but South had better trained men North broke RR lines, increasing supply shortages Diseases such as typhiod and dysentary killed more than actual combat 618,000 died (more than Vietnam, WWI, and WWII combined)
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NORTHERN SUCCESSSOUTHERN FAILURE Pres. Lincoln named commander and chief of army and navy Bold in stretching the executive boundaries Declared martial law Suspended the writ of habeus corpus Unified support in Congress, especially with war policies Lincoln held the party together by persuasion, patronage, and flexible policy making Pres. Davis named commander and chief of army and navy Ineffective military leader and policy maker compared to Lincoln Tenuous relationships with military generals Lack of initiative and leadership in dealing w/ home front issues No organized party to support him
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1 st Battle at Bull Run- July, 1861: humiliating Northern defeat b/c of leadership Gen. George McClellan replaced weak leadership; started intense drills and training for Union troops 1862- Western front victories; capture of Fort Donelson and Fort Henry Battle of Shiloh- Southern counter attack; bloodiest battle of the war Union troops decimated in the 2 day battle
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Success on the western front, after Battle of Shiloh Anaconda Plan was starting to gain some ground Monitor vs. Merrimack McClellan moved to assault Richmond, but never got reinforcements Stonewall Jackson, took advantage of Union troops awaiting reinforcements Series of quick, lightening strikes
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Battle of Seven Pines, McClellan forces in two; shift in Confederate power → enter Robert E. Lee Lee upstaged McClellan’s inadequacies 2 nd Battle of Bull Run, showcased Lee’s brilliance as a military leader Battle of Antietam followed Bloodiest 1 day battle of the war 5,000 killed Over 18,000 wounded
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England and France dependent on South for 75% cotton Halt of overseas trade when Confederate privateers raided and sank Northern ships Because of surplus France and England failed to recognize the South
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Napoleon III considered recognition in return for support of France in Mexico, but would not support w/out Britain U.S. threatened was w/ Britain b/c of loss at Antietam, declared hands off policy Cotton shortage in South forced Britain to turn to Egypt and India
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