1. Research Designs/Approaches
& Types by
Moazzam Ali Malik

3. Major Designs of Research
Qualitative Research
Quantitative Research

4. Qualitative Research
is conducted to have a better understanding of not only about the current situation is but also why it is so
is much broader in scope than the historical research
is more open and responsive to the research participants
uses a variety of methods and data collection strategies
is characterized as multi-method
offers opportunities for descriptive and exploratory studies
Its overall purpose is to explain and gain insight and understanding of phenomena through intensive collection of narrative data.
It is inductive and process-oriented

5. Quantitative Research
Quantitative research involves the collection of numerical data
It also involves the description of data, finding out the relationship among quantifiable variables and inferring of results.
It depends on the statistical data analysis
Its overall purpose is to explain, predict, or /and control phenomena through focused collection of numerical data.
It is deductive, focused and outcome-oriented

6. Qualitative vs. Quantitative: A Step by Step Comparison
Overall purpose
Explain and gain insight and understanding of phenomena through intensive collection of narrative data
Quantitative
Overall purpose
Explain predict or /and control phenomena through focused collection of numerical data

7. Qualitative Quantitative
Approach to Inquiry
Inductive
Subjective
Process oriented
Approach to Inquiry
Deductive
Objective
Focused
Outcome oriented

8. Qualitative Quantitative
Hypotheses
Tentative
Evolving
Based on particular study
Hypotheses
Specific
Testable
Stated prior to particular study

9. Qualitative Quantitative
Review of related Literature
Limited
Does not significantly affect particular study
Review of related Literature
Extensive
Does significantly affect particular study

10. Qualitative Quantitative
Research setting
Naturalistic to the degree possible
Research setting
Controlled to the degree possible

11. Qualitative Quantitative
Sampling
Small
Not necessarily representative
In order to acquire in depth understanding
Sampling
Random/Non-random
Large
Representative sample in order to generalize results to a population

12. Qualitative Quantitative
Measurement
Non standardized
Narrative
Ongoing
Measurement
Standardized
Numerical
At the end

13. Qualitative Quantitative
Design and Method
Flexible
Specified only in general terms in advance of study
Involves nonintervention
Minimal disturbance
Historical Ethnographic
Case study
Design and Method
Structured
Inflexible
Specified in detail in advance of study
Involves intervention,manipulation and control
Descriptive
Co- relational
Causal-comparative
Experimental

14. Qualitative Quantitative
Data Collection Strategies
Non participant observation
Semi-structured, formal interviews
Administration of tests and questionnaires
Data Collection Strategies
Document collection
Participant observation
Unstructured, informal interviews
Taking extensive, detailed field notes

15. Qualitative Quantitative
Data Analysis
Raw data are words
Essentially ongoing
Involves synthesis
Data Analysis
Raw data are numbers
Performed at end of study
Involves statistics

16. Qualitative Quantitative
Data interpretation
Conclusions tentative
Reviewed on ongoing basis
Generalizations speculative
Data interpretation
Conclusions and generalizations formulated at the end of study
Stated with predetermined degree of certainty

17. Present Trend in Research
More Structured qualitative Research
Increased application of both inquiry strategies in same study

18. Types of Qualitative & Quantitative Designs
The following slides list Qualitative and Quantitative research designs; but one should be mindful of the fact that these designs of research cannot be strictly compartmentalized as; quite recently, many researchers in social sciences have advocated the mixed-method approach. Moreover, Longitudinal and Cross-sectional research may involve both the Qualitative and Quantitative approaches.

19. Types of Quantitative Research
Experimental Research
Non-experimental Research
Quasi-experimental Research

20. Experimental & Non Experimental Studies
Experimental research is when a researcher is able to manipulate the predictor variable and subjects to identify a cause-and-effect relationship. This typically requires the research to be conducted in a lab, with one group being placed in an experimental group, or the ones being manipulated, while the other is placed in a control group, or inert condition or non-manipulated group. A laboratory-based experiment gives a high level of control and reliability.
Non-experimental research is the label given to a study when a researcher cannot control, manipulate or alter the predictor variable or subjects, but instead, relies on interpretation, observation or interactions to come to a conclusion. Typically, this means the non- experimental researcher must rely on correlations, surveys or case studies, and cannot demonstrate a true cause-and-effect relationship. Non-experimental research tends to have a high level of external validity, meaning it can be generalized to a larger population.

21. Experimental & Non Experimental Studies

22. Experimental Study Designs
There are so many types of experimental design that not all of them can be considered here. This section, therefore, is confined to describing those most commonly used in the social sciences. These designs have been categorised as: 
the after-only experimental design;
the before-and-after experimental design;
the control group design;
the double-control design;
the comparative design;
the ‘matched control’ experimental design;
the placebo design

23. Non-experimental Study Designs
A design in which the researcher is a passive agent, who observes, measures, and describes a phenomenon as it occurs or exists.
Descriptive
Relationships
Correlational
Comparative
Causal Comparative
Surveys
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal

24. Quasi-experimental Research
Participants are assigned to the groups based on some characteristics or quality which brought these people to the study
Is also called post hoc research or after the fact research

25. Types Qualitative Research Designs
Following list comprises of most commonly used qualitative research designs. However, some of the given research designs can be used by applying quantitative techniques or a mixture of qualitative and quantitative techniques, both.
Naturalistic and Ethnographic Research
Historical Research
Exploratory Research
Action Research
Case Studies
Document Analysis/Interpretative Research
Surveys
Cross-sectional
Longitudinal

26. Thanks