1. Mirrors

2. Types of mirror There are two types of mirror Plane (flat) Curved
Concave (curves in)
Convex (curves out)

3. Plane Mirrors The image is Virtual (cannot be formed on a screen)
Laterally inverted
Upright
The same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front of the mirror

4. Convex Mirrors The image is Virtual (cannot be formed on a screen)
Diminished (smaller)
Upright

5. Convex Mirrors Convex mirrors diverge parallel rays of light
The principal focus is always behind the mirror
They have a wide field of view

6. Concave Mirrors For distant objects the image is
Real (can be formed on a screen)
Inverted
Diminished
(For near objects the image is upright, magnified and virtual)

7. Concave Mirrors
Concave mirrors converge parallel rays of light towards a principal focus inside the mirror

8. Lenses

9. Lenses
Lenses are shaped pieces of glass which can be used to change the way we see things.
Different types of lenses have different uses.

10. Converging lenses

11. Focus point - converging

12. Converging lens
Parallel rays of light are refracted through the principal focus of a convex lens.
The distance from the principal focus to the centre of the lens is called the focal length.

13. Images The image from a converging lens is: Inverted
Real (can be projected on a screen)

14. Uses of converging lenses
The use of a converging lens depends on the nature of the image.
The image depends on where the object is placed in relation to the lens
Uses include cameras, the eye, projectors, magnifiers, specs, telescopes etc.

15. Ray diagrams - camera
Image is:
Inverted
Diminished
Real

16. Ray diagrams – Projector
Image is:
Inverted
Magnified
Real

17. Ray diagrams - magnifier
Image is:
Upright
Magnified
Virtual

18. Diverging lens

19. Focus point - diverging

20. Images
The image from a diverging lens is:
Upright
Virtual
Diminished

21. Images Make sure that you can draw and recognise the ray diagrams for:
A camera
A projector
A magnifier
Learn where the object and image are in relation to the focal length

22. Refraction
Light is slowed down or speeded up when it moves across the boundary into different media.
Glass is more dense than air so the light slows down. As it does this it bends (refraction)

23. Refraction
The angle of refraction is always less than the angle of incidence.
The emergent ray follows a path parallel to the incident ray

24. Refraction
The refraction takes place at the boundary of the two media.
Some light is reflected at the boundary

25. Refraction in a prism
A prism is a shaped piece of glass which will disperse white light into its separate colours.
The light is refracted twice, because it passes through 2 surfaces of glass

26. Refraction in a prism
Two prisms used together can return the spectrum to a single ray of white light.
Make sure your ray diagrams clearly show the two areas of refraction