1.  Nationalism Challenges Conservative Power I can compare/contrast the rise of nationalism in German & Italian states. I can define the characteristics of nationalism.

2.  1 st European country to win self-rule Former part of Ottoman Empire (which was crumbling at this time, but not fully until 1922)  Cause of Greek independence was popular throughout Europe  Major powers such as Britain/Russia/France recognize an independent Greece in 1830.

3.  Congress of Vienna?  There were ethnic uprisings in: France Prussia (Germany, Austria) Italy Greece Poland Hungary  But revolutionaries failed to unite the nations, so they actually took a step backwards.

4.  1800’s still under feudalism  Russia still had not experienced a(n)… WRITE DOWN THE ANSWER!!!  Due to old ways, Russia was falling behind other European countries  Alexander II- freed serfs, 1861  Nationalism encouraged industrialism, and also ethnic groups wanting their own nations.

5.  Austria- lost the Austro-Prussian war in 1866; split Austria and Hungary into independent states= Austrian-Hungary Empire (only 2 countries)- lost land  Russia- Russification- forced culture on all ethnic groups  Ottoman- Turks felt superior to other ethnic groups; genocide against Armenians 1894-1896; 1915 Strength or Weakness? Weakness leads to desperate measures.

6.  1830- King wants absolute power  Revolt of people  Liberal King replaces old one  A Paris mob overthrows gov’t replaces it with a representative government- it falls apart  Call for a president  Louis-Napoleon III elected president- Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. Four years later- becomes emperor Good leader

7.  Camillo Cavour – Prime minister of Sardinia Allied with Napoleon III, brought revolution and unity in N. Italy  Giuseppe Garibaldi – unified S. Italy  Cavour invaded Papal states, so S. voted to unite w/Cavour and N. Italy  National unification of Italy, but still culturally, economically divided  Capital = Rome Pope’s Power?

8.  German Confederation – loose union of German states; Prussia – largest; Austria – head of confederation  Otto von Bismarck- Prussia’s Prime Minister Realpolitik – seek advantage for nation-state by any means, including war and breaking treaties Wanted to go to war to unify Germany under Prussian rule Destiny of the weak is to be devoured by the strong.

9. 7 Weeks War – Bismarck & Prussia against Austria. (Here they go again!)  Treaty ending the war set up a united Germany under Prussian control

10. Franco-Prussian War – Napoleon III declared war on Prussia. Southern German states (not yet united w/the rest of Germany) sided w/Prussia because disliked France. Defeated France and all German states now unified Following Franco-Prussian War all German States unified. Germany now an Empire w/Kaiser Wilhelm I as emperor

11.  Strengthened Industry  Tried to crush opposition parties  Bismarck’s policies left Germany strong, but w/o parliamentary democracy. When Wilhelm I died, his son succeeded him (Wilhelm II) and dismissed Bismarck (1890)

12.  Balance of Power- Undone GOODBYE CONGRESS OF VIENNA Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia no longer equal Britain and Germany = strongest France = middle Austria and Russia = weak

13.  1. Which aging empires suffered from the forces of nationalism?  2. What advantages did Prussia have in leading the German states to unity?  3. How can nationalism be both a unifying and a disunifying force?