1. Proteins

2. Functions of Proteins Some Functions of Proteins Type of proteinExampleFunction Enzymes amylasePromotes the break down of starch to the simple sugar glucose. Structural proteins keratin, collagenHair, wool, nails, horns, hoofs, tendons, cartilage Hormones insulin, glucagonRegulates use of blood sugar Contractile proteins actin, myosin Contracting fibers in muscle Storage proteins ferritinStores iron in spleen Transport proteins hemoglobin serum albumin Carries oxygen in blood Carries fatty acids in blood Immunological proteins antibodiesRid the body of foreign proteins Toxins neurotoxinCobra venom blocker of nerve functions

3. Proteins-macromolecules/polymer with amino acid monomers. Ex: enzymes (speed up reactions), insulin (hormone) and collagen (connective tissue) Amino acids-organic molecules possessing both carboxyl (COOH) and amino groups (NH 3 )

4. 20 different types of amino acids

5. Two amino acids bond together by condensation synthesis form a dipeptide. -the bond is called a peptide bond.

7. Polypeptide-a single chain of amino acids.

8. Levels of Protein Organization Four Levels: 1.) Primary Structure-polypeptide with a linear sequence, in which amino acids are joined by peptide bonds Can be made up of 20 different amino acids

9. 2.) Secondary Structure-polypeptide takes on a particular orientation in space, in which peptide bonds and hydrogen bonds are present: -Alpha helix –Beta pleated sheets.

10. 3.) Tertiary Structure-polypeptide with a three dimensional shape connected by peptide, ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds all take place.

11. 4.) Quaternary Structure- More than one chain of amino acids is present

14. Denaturation-bonding that has been disrupted due to pH change or temperature – Once a protein loses its shape, it is no longer able to perform its usual function. – Can be permanent

15. protein structures

16. …Denaturation in Nature…