1. Framing of Marcel Boumans Workshop ‘Error in the Sciences’

2. errare to wander freely to wander from the right path Random component Random: Having no definite aim or purpose; not sent or guided in a particular direction; made, done, occurring, etc., without method or conscious choice; haphazard.” Systematic component

3. Theory of Error

4. Galileo’s problem I should judge that all were fallacious either through some fault of the computer or some defect on the part of the observations. At best I might say that a single one, and no more, might be correct, but I should not know which one to choose. - Simplico

5. Non-Miracle Argument The world would, indeed, be even more of a miracle than it is if the influence of one set of errors offsets that of another set of errors so conveniently that we need to bother much with the whole matter. - Oskar Morgenstern

6. Uncertainty Measurement science: Uncertainty means doubt about the validity of the result of a measurement Type A evaluation by the statistical analysis of series of observations Type B evaluation by other means

7. Sources of Error and Uncertainty personal bias theoretical/conceptual realization reliability instrument representational power environment

8. Science: many places for errors

9. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement Although this Guide provides a framework for assessing uncertainty, it cannot substitute for critical thinking, intellectual honesty, and professional skill. The evaluation of uncertainty is neither a routine task nor a purely mathematical one; it depends on detailed knowledge of the nature of the measurand and of the measurement. The quality and utility of the uncertainty quoted for the result of a measurement therefore ultimately depend on the understanding, critical analysis, and integrity of those who contribute to the assignment of its value.

10. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement Although this Guide provides a framework for assessing uncertainty, it cannot substitute for critical thinking, intellectual honesty, and professional skill. The evaluation of uncertainty is neither a routine task nor a purely mathematical one; it depends on detailed knowledge of the nature of the measurand and of the measurement. The quality and utility of the uncertainty quoted for the result of a measurement therefore ultimately depend on the understanding, critical analysis, and integrity of those who contribute to the assignment of its value.

11. Mistrust Suspicion of intentional errors “Lies, damned lies, and statistics” “Simple liars, damned liars, and experts”

13. FOCUSFOCUS

15. … to a fruitful and enjoyable discussion