1. 1 Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences Lecture 48

2. 2 Office Hour Invitations March 1 st, 1:30-2:30, Kenny 2517 15967128 33590100 47861109 50458090 53748109 60748084 72773096 73752099

3. 1. The grades for the February midterm exam are now available on the course website. The mean score on the midterm exam was 69% (SD = 14%, range = 36% – 97%). 3 Announcements

4. 2. The TAs will be available during their office hours or by appointment for interested students to review their exam: David (A-M): Wednesdays, 11:30-12:30, Kenny 2514 E-mail: dbking11@psych.ubc.ca Morag (N-Z): Wednesdays, 11:30-12:30, Kenny 1910 E-mail: moragy@gmail.com 4

5. 5 Topic due date: March 20 (Option A or B, 3-5 sentence summary; e-mail to your TA for approval). Paper due date: April 3. Option A: Application of gender psychology, conduct a psychobiography. Option B: Review and appraise theory and research in gender psychology, discuss an area of ongoing debate regarding gender, sex, and/or sexuality. Paper

6. 6 Achievement: 1. Are there sex differences in achievement motivation and fear of success? 2. Are there sex differences in responsiveness to evaluative feedback?

7. 7 By the end of today’s class, you should be able to: 1. review research findings regarding sex similarities in achievement motivation and fear of success. 2. review research findings regarding sex differences in responsiveness to evaluative feedback.

8. 8 1. Achievement Motivation Are there sex differences in achievement motivation and fear of success? Early research (Atkinson, 1958; Featehr, 1961; McClelland et al. 1953) suggested that females have a weaker achievement motivation than males. The desire to succeed in situations in which standards of excellence are applied (McClelland et al., 1953).

9. 9 However, this research assessed achievement in domains that were more relevant to males than females. Recent research (e.g., Langan-Fox & Grant, 2006; Pang, 2005; Salili, 1996) has demonstrated that the sexes do not differ in achievement motivation.

10. 10 2. Fear of Success Early research (Horner, 1972) suggested that females have a greater fear of success than males: The fear of achievement; associated with decreased effort and avoidance of situations that might result in achievement.

11. 11 “Anne (John) is at the top of her (his) class in medical school ….” More females than males identified negative outcomes associated with success.

12. 12 However, this research assessed awareness of negative outcomes associated with success for females in a male-dominated occupation. Subsequent research (e.g., Cherry & Deauz, 1978; Cravenkemper & Paludi, 1983; Pfost & Fiore, 1990; Sancho & Hewitt, 1990) has demonstrated that both sexes perceive negative outcomes associated with success in gender-incongruent domains:

13. 13 More males than females identified negative outcomes associated with success. “John (Anne) is at the top of his (her) class in nursing school ….”

14. 14 Are there sex differences in responsiveness to evaluative feedback? A number of studies suggest that females are more response to evaluative feedback than males.

15. 15 Asked participants to complete “challenging” cognitive tasks. After completion of half of the tasks, participants received positive or negative feedback.  Roberts and Nolen-Hoeksema, 1989, 1994 (see Helgeson, 2011)

16. 16 Before and after feedback, asked participants to: estimate their productivity. indicate how confident they were in their ability to solve the cognitive tasks. indicate how satisfied they were with their performance.

17. 17 Found that: males were more likely than females to exhibit a “self-promotional” tendency. self-efficacy and self-satisfaction were more strongly influenced by feedback among females than males. negative feedback had a greater influence on females’ self-efficacy ratings than positive feedback.

18. 18 Change in Self-Efficacy Changes in Self-Efficacy by Sex as a Function of Type of Feedback (Roberts & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1989)

19. 19 Change in Satisfaction Changes in Satisfaction by Sex as a Function of Type of Feedback (Roberts & Nolen-Hoeksema, 1989) Self-promotional tendency among males.

20. 20  Johnson and Helgeson, 2002 Assessed the self-esteem of bank employees before and after they received their annual performance review.

21. 21 self-esteem was more strongly influenced by feedback among females than males. negative feedback had a greater influence on females’ self-esteem than positive feedback. Found that:

22. Self-Esteem by Sex as a Function of Type of Feedback (Johnson & Helgeson, 2002) 22

23. 23 Achievement: 1. Are there sex differences in achievement motivation and fear of success? 2. Are there sex differences in responsiveness to evaluative feedback?