2. The Dark Ages - GLOSSARY able to able to (reach) = in grado di above all above all = soprattutto,principalmente To acceptaccept = accettare accompanied by accompanied by (music) = accompagnato da actual (conquest) = effettivo, reale Amanuens(es) Amanuens(es) = amanuense art of speech = eloquenza As early as (the 12 th cent) = sin dal... As well as As well as = e anche, così come (to) attackattack = attacco (attaccare) BardBard = poeta bathsbaths = terme To be cancelled out be cancelled out = essere cancellato both ….....and = sia....sia, sia....che To carry out (carry out (sacrifices) = compiere To celebrate = celebrare, festeggiare civilization and culture civilization and culture = civiltà e cultura To conquer conquer = conquistare conquestconquest = conquista historian = storico illuminatedilluminated/adorned (manuscripts) = adornatoadorned in its place in its place = al suo posto in order to = al fine di interlacing = intreccio, abbellimenti estetici intricacy = complessità, ricchezza di dettagli To invadeinvade = invadere invasion invasion (from the Danes) = invasione jewelleryjewellery = gioielleria, gioielli Tojoin (their forces) = unirsi, unire kenning = metafora, perifrasi kingdomkingdom = regno loyalty = lealtà mainlymainly = principalmentetherefore = quindi To make slaves make slaves = fare schiavi, schiavizzare To migrate to migrate to = migrare militarymilitary = militare

3. craftsman = artigiano To Date back to = risalire a (brave) deeds = gesta (to) defeat = sconfitta (sconfiggere) defenselessdefenseless = indifeso, senza difese (poetic) device = dispositivo, espediente To devotedevote (one's life to) = dedicare (la propria vita a) To drive out = espellere, discacciare Either … or Either … or = o....o empireempire = impero ending in chester nding in chester = che terminano in chester To entertainentertain (entartainer) = animare, intrattenere To face (several invasions) = affrontare, fronteggiare farawayfaraway (country) = lontano feast = banchetto minstreminstrel = menestrello musician musician = musico Nevertheless = tuttavia outstanding = fuori dal comune, eccezionale To paint their bodies in paint their bodies in = dipingere i loro corpi di To play a role play a role = giocare un ruolo Poetry – poem/s poem/s = poesia (genere letterario)– componimento poetico To raid = assalire, razziare To reach = raggiungere refinedrefined (culture) = raffinato To replace = sostituire (to be replaced by) to result in (visual arts) result in (visual arts) = avere effetto, essere visibile in

4. To retreat (into Wales) = ritirarsi in To reveal evidence of reveal evidence of = mostrare, dare prova di rich in (folklore) : ricco di (folklore) riddle = indovinello To rise –rose -risen = sorgere To rulerule = governare (ruled by a king) rulerruler = governante, regnante ruralrural = rurale To settlesettle= stabilirsi To share (the some love for) share (the some love for) = condividere skilled as (warriors)= skilled as (warriors)= capace, abile come To spread about spread about = to spread (their culture) = diffondersi, diffondere To subdue sb subdue sb = sottomettere To Succeed to Succeed to = succedere To survive (in monastic form) survive (in monastic form) = sopravvivere To take place take place = aver luogo, avvenire TeutonicTeutonic = Germanic = teutonico Thane = vassallo Throughout (the 12° cent) Throughout (the 12° cent) = per tutto, lungo tutto thus = così, perciò To mingle = mescolare Trading routes Trading routes = rotte commerciali treasuretreasure = tesoro beauty = bellezza TribeTribe = tribù valuevalue = valore widow widow = vedova To withdraw (their legions) = ritirsi, ritirare (le legioni) To worship = venerare To write down write down = trascrivere