1. Chapter Outline Chapter 23 State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850–1871 Civilization in the West, Seventh Edition by Kishlansky/Geary/O’Brien Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman I I. Building Nations: The Politics of Unification II. Reforming European Society III. Changing Values and the Force of New Ideas

2. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman I. Building Nations: The Politics of Unification A. The Crimean War The Eastern Question The Great Powers Britain, France, Russia, Austria, Prussia Russia Danubian Principalities (Romania) 1853, Sinope > Alliance: Britain, France, Piedmont-Sardinia, Ottoman Empire 1856, Peace of Paris Human Costs of the War Cholera, typhoid Florence Nightingale B. Unifying Italy – The Risorgimento Camillo Cavour Garibaldi’s Red Shirts 1866, Venetia 1870, Rome Victor Emmanuel (1870-1878) The Crimean War

3. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman Solferino, 1859 Magenta, 1859

4. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman I. Building Nations: The Politics of Unification B. Unifying Italy – The Risorgimento Camillo Cavour Garibaldi’s Red Shirts 1866, Venetia 1870, Rome Victor Emmanuel (1870-1878) C. Unifying Germany Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik War with Austria 1866, Seven Weeks’ War Schleswig, Holstein. 1867, Austrian Emperor also King of Hungary The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 Ems Dispatch Prussian Dominance of United Germany Reichstag The Unification of Italy

5. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman I. Building Nations: The Politics of Unification C. Unifying Germany Otto von Bismarck Realpolitik War with Austria 1866, Seven Weeks’ War Schleswig, Holstein 1867, Austrian Emperor also King of Hungary The Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 Ems Dispatch Prussian Dominance of United Germany Reichstag D. The United States: Civil War and Reunification E. Nationalism and Force The Unification of Germany

6. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Reforming European Society Three Models Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman In the third quarter of the 19 th century, Europe’s leaders recognized that reforms were needed to build dynamic and competitive states. Three different models for social and political reform developed in France, Great Britain, and Russia after 1850.

7. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 French Foreign & Domestic Policy FOREIGN oCrimean War (1853- 1856) oSupport Italian nationalists against Austria oSuez Canal (1859-1869) oFree Trade Policy with Britain oMexican failure (1838- 1839) oFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871) DOMESTIC oHighly centralized administrative structure oelite of specialists for social and economic transformations oTechnocratic oAutocratic direction and liberal participation oNapoleon III oRebuild Paris: unsanitary, crime ridden, politically volatile capital

8. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Russia Reforms: – Abolished serfdom March 1861 – Bureaucracy and finance were expanded System of credit and banking contributed to growth French investment increased railway construction – 1855 – 660 miles – 1880 – 14000 miles Russia became world grain supplier – With trains, exports increased threefold – Alexander introduced zemstvos Local elected assemblies on the provincial and county levels to govern local affairs Responsible for educational, health, and other social welfare reforms – Judicial reforms Provincial courts opened in 1866 Corporal punishment eliminated – Conscription limited to 15 years at the age of 20 instead of 25 years – Still an autocracy

9. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman II. Reforming European Society Three Models A. The Second Empire in France, 1852–1870 Napoleon III Paris -Baron Georges Haussman Foreign Policy Suez Canal Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71 B. Victorian Political Reforms Parliamentary Reforms Reform Bills, 1832, 1867 William Gladstone, liberal Free trade, disestablishment in Ireland Benjamin Disraeli, conservative Factory Act of 1875 Artisans Dwelling Act Trade Union Act Public Health C. Reforming Russia Alexander II Emancipation of the Serfs, 1861 Polish serfs, 1864 mir, village commune The Great Reforms zemstvos The Populist Movement 1881, assassination D. The Politics of Leadership Royal Authority The Nation-State Realpolitik

10. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman C. Reforming Russia Alexander II Emancipation of the Serfs, 1861 Polish serfs, 1864 mir, village commune The Great Reforms zemstvos The Populist Movement 1881, assassination D. The Politics of Leadership Royal Authority The Nation-State Realpolitik Russian Serfs

11. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman III. Changing Values and the Force of New Ideas A. The Politics of Homemaking Women’s Place Working-Class Wives and Mothers B. Realism in the Arts Visual Arts Gustav Courbet Jean-Francois Millet Honoré Daumier Realist Novels Charles Dickens George Eliot Gustave Flaubert Fyodor Dostoyevsky Photography 1939, Louis Daguerre Daguerrotype C. Charles Darwin and the New Science Charles Darwin Origin of Species, 1859 D. Karl Marx and the Science of Society Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels Class Struggle Marx’s Legacy E. A New Revolution? 1871, Napoleon III surrenders Siege of Paris Paris Commune, March-May 1871

12. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman Realism: Millet, The Gleaners (1875)

13. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman Realism: Courbet, The Sower The Stone Breakers

14. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman Realism: Daumier, Nevertheless (1834))

15. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman Realism: Daumier: The Third Class Carriage

16. Chapter 23: State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850-1871 Copyright © 2008, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Longman III. Changing Values and the Force of New Ideas E. A New Revolution? 1871, Napoleon III surrenders Siege of Paris Paris Commune, March-May 1871 The Paris Commune