1. MEDT8002 Ultralyd bildediagnostikk Faglærer: Hans Torp Institutt for sirkulasjon og bildediagnostikk Hans Torp NTNU, Norway

2. New development in color Doppler “Blood motion imaging” Arteria bracialis Conventional Color Doppler Arteria bracialis Blood motion imaging Carotis communis Blood motion imaging Hans Torp NTNU, Norway

3. University(NTNU) - Industry(Vingmed) 1986 CFM 700 First color Doppler with mechanical scanning Beam- adder    4 4 2 BFx 1995 System Five Digital beam former >Higher framerate >RF-data for research >Tissue Doppler 2000 Vivid 7 Real-time processing with PC technology

4. Data acquistion in color flow imaging Beam k-1Beam k Beam k+1 Number of pulses in each direction 3 – 15 Frame rate reduction compared to B-mode

5. 2D Color flow imaging 1. Limited information content in the signal, i.e. short observation time, low signal-to-noise ratio, and low Nyquist velocity limit. 2.Insufficient signal processing/display. Full spectrum analysis in each point of the sector is difficult to visualize.

6. Color mapping types Hans Torp NTNU, Norway Power Doppler (Angio) Brightnes ~ signal power Color flow Brightnes ~ signal power Hue ~ Velocity Color flow ”Variance map” Hue & Brightnes ~ Velocity Green ~ signal bandwidth

7. Color scale for velocity and - spread Power Band width Aortic insufficiency Hans Torp NTNU, Norway

8. Color flow imaging Mitral valve blood flow Normal mitral valve Stenotic mitral valve Hans Torp NTNU, Norway

9. Autocorrelation method Sensitive to clutter noise Phase angle of R(1) substantially reduced due to low frequency clutter signal Clutter filter stopband much more critical than for spectral Doppler

10. How to perform clutter filter in color flow imaging? Beam k-1Beam k Beam k+1

11. How to perform clutter filter in color flow imaging? Beam k-1Beam k Beam k+1

12. Color flow scanning strategies B-mode scanning Mechanical scanning + No settling time clutter filter - low frame rate Electronic scanning Packet acquisition - Settling time clutter filter +flexible PRF without loss in frame rate Electronic scanning continuous acquisition + no settling time clutter filter + High frame rate - low PRF (=frame rate) scanning direction time

13. Color flow imaging with a mechanical probe v = W*FR Image width W Frame rateFR Sweep velocityv= W*FR Virtual axial velocity: vr= v*cotan(  ) vr v  Example: Image width W = 5 cm Frame rateFR =20 fr/sec Angle with beam  = 45 deg. Sweep velocityv= 1 m/s Virtual axial velocity: vr= 1 m/s vr > max normal blood flow velocities!

14. Color flow imaging with a mechanical probe W= N*b v = W*FR Beamwidth (Rayleigh criterion): b Effective number of beams: N =W/b Frame Rate: FR Signal from stationary scatterer N*Fr*t Clutter signal bandwidth: 2*N*FR Power spectrum Clutter filter cutoff frequency: fc > N*FR Frequency components < fc removed

15. Minimum detectable Doppler shift Frame rate FR =1 Hz FR = 10 Hz FR=20 Hz Width (# beams) N=3030 Hz300 Hz 600 Hz N=7070 Hz700 Hz1400 Hz Clutter filter cutoff frequency: fc > N*FR (transit time effect mechanical scan) Cardiac flow imaging: fo= 2 MHz, 15 mm aperture, beamwidth 3 mm 30 beams covers the left ventricle fc = 600 Hz ~ 0.21 m/sec. lower velocity limit

16. Color flow imaging with a mechanical probe v = W*FR Reflected wave does not hit the transducer Max Dopplershift 600 Hz ~ 0.21 m/sec

17. Atlanta, GA april 1986 Vingmed, introduced CFM The first commercial colorflow imaging scanner with mechanical probe Horten, Norway september 2001 GE-Vingmed closed down production line for CFM after 15 years of continuous production

18. Minimum detectable Doppler shift Clutter filter cutoff frequency: fc > N*FR Frame rate FR =1 Hz FR = 10 Hz FR=20 Hz Width (# beams) N=3030 Hz300 Hz 600 Hz N=7070 Hz700 Hz1400 Hz Periferal vessel imaging with fo= 10 MHz Mechanical scanning: fc = 1400 Hz ~ 108 mm/sec. Electronic scanning: fc = 30 Hz ~ 2.3 mm/sec. Packet acquisition (P=10): Frame rate = 35 frames/sec Continuous acquisition:Frame rate = 350 frames/sec

19. Combining tissue and flow Continuous sweep acquisition + Brachial artery

20. Temporal averaging for mean frequency estimator Example: Effect of averaging R1 : Variance of angle(R1) reduced by factor 24! Effect of averaging angle(R1): Variance reduction factor=4 k=1 : 4, uncorrelated signal packets