1. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?

2. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions What interactions occur within communities? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zSmL2F1 t81Q

3. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Symbiosis Any relationship in which two species live closely together. Symbiotic relationships include: mutualism commensalism parasitism

4. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship. “Good for me - Good for you”

5. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Commensalism: one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed. “Good for me - Doesn’t bother you”

6. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it. “Good for me - Hurts you”

7. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Predation An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism. Predator: organism that does the killing and eating Prey: food organism being eaten

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9. Biotic and Abiotic Factors Habitat: area where an organism lives and includes both biotic and abiotic factors.

10. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Niche Niche: the way which an organism lives and its role in the environment

11. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree. Yellow-Rumped Warbler Bay-Breasted Warbler Feeding height (m) 0 6 12 18 Cape May Warbler

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13. Mutualistm Parasitism Commensalism

14. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Competition - Between SAME and DIFFERENT kinds of organisms - Compete with each other for available resources A resource is any necessity of life, such as water, nutrients, light, food, or space.

15. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Competition FOOD:

16. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Competition SHELTER:

17. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Competition MATES:

18. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Competition SPACE/TERRITORY:

19. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Competition LIGHT:

20. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Community Interactions Direct competition: results in a winner and a loser— with the losing organism failing to survive. Competitive exclusion principle: no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.

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22. Ecological Succession What is ecological succession?

23. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time. Sometimes, an ecosystem changes in response to an abrupt disturbance. At other times, change occurs as a more gradual response to natural fluctuations in the environment.

24. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Primary Succession On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists For example, primary succession occurs on rock surfaces formed after volcanoes erupt. Pioneer Species: first species to populate the area

25. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem.

26. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession The first organisms to appear are lichens (symbiosis of fungus and algae).

27. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil.

28. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Ecological Succession Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community.

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30. Ecological Succession Secondary Succession Ecosystem changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession.

31. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 Aquatic Succession is the natural lifespan of a pond. As time goes on, sediment fills a pond, and it becomes more and more habitable to plants over its entirety. Eventually there's enough sediment that the pond is filled up completely and is simple a marshy low spot in the ground.

32. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 Which of the following is a biotic factor in a bullfrog's niche? a.water b.a heron c.climate d.day length

33. An organism’s niche is different from its habitat because a.The niche does not include the place where the organism lives. b.the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism lives. c.the niche includes only abiotic factors. d.the niche includes only biotic factors. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2

34. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 The attempt by organisms of the same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the same place is called a.competition. b.predation. c.symbiosis. d.cooperation.

35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 An association between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called a.symbiosis. b.mutualism. c.commensalism. d.parasitism.

36. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 4-2 When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the first species to populate the area are usually a.grasses and shrubs. b.pioneers such as lichens. c.small plants such as mosses. d.small animals such as rodents.