1. Chapter 3 The Knowledge Leader

2. Introduction
Knowledge leaders play an important role in building effective knowledge communities
They ensure the knowledge vision and concepts are translated into real activities and practice
There are many different knowledge leaders within a knowledge community
Page 58.
Knowledge leadership provides the vision, energy and direction for members of the organisation to understand, apply and monitor their knowledge activities.
They are critical contributors to providing a clear view of where the organisation needs to go, and determining how it should achieve the desired outcomes. More importantly, they are the connecting link between that vision and the people who make the vision a reality.
There are many different knowledge leaders in a community – executive leaders guide the direction and goals of the community, while others working as managers and team leaders ensure those goals are implemented. Each plays an important part in building a cohesive approach to knowledge management. This process of distributed leadership is one of the keys to successful knowledge management.
This session explores the various influences which have guided knowledge leadership and the various roles knowledge leaders play.
Students are encouraged to reflect on their own skills and potential as knowledge leaders throughout the session.

3. Generic Attributes of the Knowledge Leader
Strategic visionary
Motivator
Communicator
Change agent
Coach, mentor, model
Learning facilitator
Knowledge executor
Lo2, Page 62 – 65
The knowledge leader – whatever level in the organisation – needs to build some common skills to enable effective knowledge management. These operate across six areas.
Strategic visionary:
This is the process of providing the direction and vision to guide and sustain the knowledge activities. Strategy can operate as an overall corporate strategy, through to the strategy applied in an organisational unit or by the individual. Whatever the level, the individual needs to maintain a sense of what should be encouraged. Strategic vision guides knowledge workers as to the values, purpose , desired outcomes and benefits which knowledge management should demonstrate. Good leaders offer realistic strategies to achieve the future goals.
Motivator:
Knowledge management relies on the strong commitment of each individual. The knowledge leader encourages members to contribute to the processes by building strong relationships, recognising the contributions of individuals and providing opportunities to discuss and learn about the knowledge management strategy. This assists with the creation of a positive knowledge management culture.
Communicator:
Communication is critical to knowledge management. Knowledge leaders need to maintain strong connection with their various constituents. They should ensure all members remain affiliated with the priorities, strategies and ongoing initiatives. The more people are kept informed and linked, the more they will see the relevance and importance of knowledge management.
Change agent:
Knowledge management often requires structural, cultural and strategic change. A number of processes and systems will be developed and then enhanced. Knowledge leaders need to be adept at assisting change in a non-threatening and collaborative manner. Knowledge leaders provide information on the changes taking place, and can also collaborate with many people on how best to effect change. They are also important mechanisms for identifying the need for change. Their role as a boundary spanner also enables the sharing of information across various members of the community, so that change is more rapidly accommodated.
Coach, mentor, model:
Knowledge management encourages the development of many new skills and capabilities. The knowledge leader can act as a mentor, coach and model to encourage others to develop these skills and to build them into the work processes. Knowledge leaders need to be able to “walk the talk”, that is, demonstrate capabilities as well as encourage others to build them.
Learning facilitator;
Knowledge management also encourages ongoing learning, in both knowledge content and knowledge applications. Te knowledge leaders plays an important part in encouraging and applauding learning. The creation of a positive and constructive environment where learning is valued and promoted, is a critical aspect of the knowledge leader role. K Viewpoint 3.1 (ages 65 – 66) outlines how knowledge leaders can also learn from each other – this can be particularly valuable when change processes are being undertaken. There are often many lessons and insights which can be gleaned from others. The knowledge leader can also encourage greater sharing of stories across the community. (Students may wish to try this model with a story of their own.)
Knowledge executor:
Knowledge leaders need to ensure that the goals and vision are fully implemented. To manage this, they will need to plan carefully, ensure the systems are technically and operationally efficient and effective, monitor outcomes and adapt strategies as needed. The provision of effective feedback and a positive approach to mistakes and errors also encourage more successful change processes.
It can be seen that these attributes are important for all knowledge leaders, as they reflect an open and community based approach to leading others. Knowledge leaders play a critical role in relationship building across the community. This can be a time-consuming, but most important role.

4. Roles of Strategic Knowledge Leaders
LO3, Pages 67 – 69
Strategic knowledge leaders (SKLs) influence the direction and desired outcomes of knowledge management. They may operate at very senior levels within the knowledge community, or may be found within smaller operational units. While some may operate quite broadly across a number of knowledge agendas, others may be quite specialised. However, they all act as major drivers of organisational change and development.
As Figure 3.2 (page 69) shows, the strategic knowledge leader needs to be very flexible, adapting to different conditions and needs as they arise. Each organisation builds different systems, and will need to focus on different aspects of change as the knowledge management systems evolve. The strategic leader will need to adapt as different issues arise.
For example, the organisational systems might be an initial strategic focus, as systems need to be established effectively to encourage systemic adoption by users. A SKL might be responsible for ensuring effective integration of various systems, greater user awareness of the system potential and the achievement of a highly functional system.
However, the SKL might then need to move toward the encouragement of a positive and knowledge-focused organisational culture. This might include emphasising flexibility, sharing, knowledge-focused work and a strong learning orientation.
The role of the SKL can be strongly influenced by the nature of the support operating within the organisation. The attitude of the CEO, the role core leaders play, the ways in which knowledge teams and networks are operating, and the overall knowledge philosophies and priorities are all factors that will influence the level at which the SKL can operate. If some of these do not exist, or are poorly established, they will be important aspects to cultivate, as they strongly affect the knowledge culture and the implementation of any strategy.
Similarly, the SKL may need to devote considerable focus toward the organisational structure, as the ways in which organisational systems operate can greatly hamper or facilitate knowledge management. Some critical systems include reward systems, control and governance processes, political structures, communication channels and the type of business the organisation promotes as its core focus.
The SKL may also need to consider how the organisational capability can accommodate the knowledge management strategy. Staff members may need encouragement to build stronger knowledge competencies and team skills. Leadership encourages the recognition of the importance of these capabilities.
It can be seen from this brief overview that the SKL needs to be very flexible, and to accommodate new priorities or emphases as the organisation evolves. The challenge for an SKL is to remain strategic, constantly monitoring the directions and approaches which need to be pursued.

5. Roles of Core Leaders
Manage staff and resources within local operational units
Put the strategic vision into practice
Act as gatekeepers
Need to see the value of knowledge management
May experience conflicting loyalties
Pages 69 – 71
Core leaders work in local operational units as managers. They have responsibility for staff deployment, resource management and the achievement of the group’s outcomes. The successful implementation of knowledge management relies on the sponsorship and support of core leaders.
In particular, they are important contributors in ensuring the strategic vision becomes a reality. In fact, core leaders can act as gatekeepers – determining how much information and change will seep through to the members of that unit. If they perceive the knowledge management agenda to be counter-productive or unsuitable to the group’s priorities, they may choose to ignore the processes. Their leadership of the implementation therefore needs careful nurturing and encouragement. The SKL will need to work closely with core leaders to obtain their support in promoting knowledge management as an important organisational strategy.
On the other hand, the core leader can be most useful as a reality check – making sure the vision and intended outcomes will work in practice. The sharing of these insights with SKLs need to be encouraged, as they prevent likely crises. Thus, the communication across these two leadership levels is most critical to successful implementation of the knowledge management strategy.
The BHP recognition of core leadership (KM Viewpoint 3.3) reflects recognition of the importance of all staff in taking responsibility for the carriage of organisational initiatives (including knowledge sharing). As all members assume a more active role, the need for effective communication will be even greater.

6. Knowledge Teams (1/3)
Knowledge teams rely on interaction, communication and the sharing of expertise to achieve a common goal
Each knowledge worker operates as both leader and collaborator / contributor
Teams require different forms of leadership at different stages of their development
LO4, pages 71 – 74.
Knowledge teams are an important element of knowledge work. Most knowledge workers will experience the need to work with others in a highly interdependent context. Knowledge teams are different to communities of practice. Communities of practice normally draw together individuals with common interests who choose to interact due to a common need or desire to share their knowledge. Knowledge teams are more focused on achieving a defined outcome. They may be focused on creating products, services or outcomes. They usually comprise members with complementary skills who can offer different expertise to the group.
In these contexts, each member may act as either a leader or contributor, depending on the particular stage of the project or activity. The different forms of expertise will be prominent at different times, and may provide opportunities to become more integral to the progress. At other times, the individual may be a collaborator or contributor, rather than a leader.
However, the nature of the leadership may alter, depending on the stage of development of the team. New teams need strong leadership as the individuals gain a sense of collective identity and loyalty. They may need assistance in clarifying the culture and common purpose, and to identify the skills and capabilities of each member. A respectful and courteous culture will also be important.
As the team develops, it will move toward a more self-managing focus. Generally, members of self-managing teams need to ensure they remain focused on the achievable outcomes they can accomplish, given their resourcing and time availability. Communication and monitoring of progress are important issues for all team members to encourage. The distribution of leadership to all group members places greater responsibility on each individual.

7. Knowledge Teams (2/3) Self-managed knowledge team
Share the leadership, depending on stage of development
Dynamics of group need to be fluid and open
Scope and timeliness of project need to be carefully controlled
LO4, pages 71 – 74.
Knowledge teams are an important element of knowledge work. Most knowledge workers will experience the need to work with others in a highly interdependent context. Knowledge teams are different to communities of practice. Communities of practice normally draw together individuals with common interests who choose to interact due to a common need or desire to share their knowledge. Knowledge teams are more focused on achieving a defined outcome. They may be focused on creating products, services or outcomes. They usually comprise members with complementary skills who can offer different expertise to the group.
In these contexts, each member may act as either a leader or contributor, depending on the particular stage of the project or activity. The different forms of expertise will be prominent at different times, and may provide opportunities to become more integral to the progress. At other times, the individual may be a collaborator or contributor, rather than a leader.
However, the nature of the leadership may alter, depending on the stage of development of the team. New teams need strong leadership as the individuals gain a sense of collective identity and loyalty. They may need assistance in clarifying the culture and common purpose, and to identify the skills and capabilities of each member. A respectful and courteous culture will also be important.
As the team develops, it will move toward a more self-managing focus. Generally, members of self-managing teams need to ensure they remain focused on the achievable outcomes they can accomplish, given their resourcing and time availability. Communication and monitoring of progress are important issues for all team members to encourage. The distribution of leadership to all group members places greater responsibility on each individual.

8. Knowledge Teams (3/3) Virtual knowledge teams
Geographically, temporally or organizationally separated teams
Rely on technology to communicate
Critical success factors include technology, member training, team and organization processes, leadership, leader and team capabilities
Page 73 – 4.
Virtual knowledge teams are teams which work collaboratively despite being separated by distance, time or organisational structures. Although members cannot meet face to face, they need to communicate and work together to achieve important outcomes. Instead of meeting personally, they rely on technology to provide communication channels.
Duarte and Snyder suggest that some critical success factors include effective and functional technologies which facilitate easy communication across members, training for members in working in a virtual setting, encouragement of effective and respectful team and organisation processes, and the building of leadership and team capabilities.
While many teams are less reliant on effective leadership, virtual knowledge teams rely on a number of effective strategies to ensure the maintenance of a group identity. In particular, the opportunity to meet regularly, to share issues and to work collaboratively via technological platforms assists with ongoing connectedness. Leaders play an important role in monitoring how often members meet, and how they are working in a collaborative manner. If members are having trouble interacting, it may be necessary to mediate and reconcile differences. The group needs to feel that their meetings and interactions are both rewarding and fruitful. This requires careful management of the interchanges that occur.
If possible, virtual knowledge teams profit from the opportunity to meet face to face occasionally. This can assist with gaining a sense of identity and reducing potential conflicts through miscommunication. It also assists with team building.

9. Knowledge Network
Knowledge networks are important forms of knowledge activity
Enable access to expertise
Assist in building more advanced knowledge across the community
Voluntary involvement
Transient leadership roles
LO5 – page 74
Knowledge networks are important to knowledge communities, as they provide a channel for the free flow of information and communication. Members of the community can share expertise and build more advanced knowledge through their interaction with others. These forms of networks are voluntary – with members choosing to engage or disengage as they choose. Members may often “lurk” on the edges – choosing to participate only when a topic or issue is of significant interest.
Leaders in knowledge networks are much less defined. Individuals may lead a group discussion on a topic to which they can contribute strongly, or may have a desire to build a strong community to support an area of interest. Those with a “knowledge advantage” will be prominent for the time their knowledge gives them a leadership opportunity. They may then become more passive once the discussion moves to other topics. Some challenges networks face relate to members who are over-engaged (dominant contributors who generate a number of s); abusive or rude responses (often called “flames”); networks where no activity occurs; or where the intellectual quality of the discussions are insufficiently engaging to sustain member interest. Clearly, there is a need to have some individuals play a leadership role to ensure the network supports the members’ expectations as to both quality and quantity of interaction.

10. Recruiting and Selecting Knowledge Leaders
Knowledge leaders need to be recruited
Organizations need to accommodate the different ways in which knowledge leaders work
Organizations may also need to consider the core competencies it requires of all employees as knowledge workers/leaders
LO6 Pages 74 – 75.
Organisations need to recognise the leadership qualities they require in their knowledge workers. This may require some careful consideration as to the type of organisation which is being developed. If one considers Figure 3.2, for example, the organisational context plays a significant part in determining how much a leader can contribute back to the organisation. The appointment of knowledge leaders can place greater expectations on an organisation to provide an appropriate knowledge context. Among other things, this may require changes to organisational structures, decision-making and communication processes (from knowledge chains to hubs and webs [page 42]).
Each organisation needs to consider what it expects of its knowledge workers – and what it seeks in new appointees. A number of competencies are mentioned on page 75, such as a willingness to learn, adapt and collaborate, the capacity to manage projects, work in teams and communicate with others. As the rate of change escalates, the capacity to work flexibly and learn new skills will be increasingly critical. The chapter suggests that good knowledge workers might need to be chameleons! Changing their characteristics to meet new and different challenges. Certainly, many knowledge workers will find themselves adapting to different roles and working with many different communities.
In these settings, the nature of leadership needs to be revisited – it is more complex than traditional models, as it anticipates high flexibility and sensitivity to other individuals and the organisation’s own needs. These expectations will need to be clarified and clearly reflected in recruitment processes. Similarly, potential employees will need to be very alert to the real context of a workplace. If they anticipate working as knowledge workers, providing leadership and creative support to the organisation, they need to review the evidence of a real knowledge context before taking a position in a firm. Figure 3.2 and the next session will help to evaluate the rhetoric versus reality of an organisation.

11. Concluding Points
Knowledge leadership should operate throughout the organization
Each knowledge worker will provide leadership at some point or other
Different forms of leadership will operate in different contexts and times
Organizations will be strongly influenced and changed by these practices, as new ways of working and interacting occur
This session has explored the nature of knowledge leadership, looking at a number of different contexts and levels of leadership. It has explored the nature of strategic knowledge leadership and its close partnership with core leadership. It has also examined the ways in which other disciplines have influenced the nature of knowledge management and the skills and expertise knowledge leaders will need. This lecture should have demonstrated four key points:
Knowledge leadership should operate throughout the organisation.
Each knowledge worker will provide leadership at some point or other.
Different forms of leadership will operate in different contexts and times.
Organisations will be strongly influenced and changed by these practices, as new ways of working and interacting occur.
All university graduates should be encouraged to build knowledge leadership skills – they will be strongly encouraged by employers in the future. (The students may wish to discuss how well prepared they are to undertake roles of this nature. )

12. Today’s focus questions:
What do knowledge leaders do?
How does leadership affect a knowledge community?
How does leadership support knowledge teams and networks?
How can good knowledge leaders be identified and supported?
Are you a potential knowledge leader?
Lecture reference: Debowski, Chapter 3
The lecturer may wish to finish with these questions. Some potential ideas are listed for initial discussion.
What do knowledge leaders do?
They build the knowledge community by helping to change the organisation, by working with other leaders to identify changes and new initiatives, by sharing insights and strategies, and by communicating the knowledge agenda to others. In essence, they are the catalysts for the development and implementation of the knowledge agenda.
How does leadership affect a knowledge community?
Knowledge leaders provide guidance, direction and support during major change processes. They stimulate stronger consideration of the knowledge priorities across the community, and thus, encourage greater engagement by members. They also monitor the acceptability of the processes that are occurring. In particular, they are motivators, coaches, models and executors of the processes. They ensure the knowledge philosophy is embraced across the whole community, not simply by small groups.
How does leadership support knowledge teams and networks?
Teams and networks generally anticipate different forms of leadership, with most members taking on leadership roles as required. Leaders may act in a number of ways: as content experts, as culture facilitators, as process managers, or as quality controllers.
How can good knowledge leaders be identified and supported?
Good leaders will be identified through their contribution and engagement with their teams, networks and allied roles. The provision of good models and effective learning and development opportunities are useful support strategies.