1. Third hour exam http://life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/ ID: eee105 Password: prAIRie Friday April 12 noon here 100 points (of 500 for semester) 29 questions 57 bubbles If University-approved conflict Sign up with Karin Nelson by Wednesday’s lecture

2. SoilSoil Ch. 14 EEE 105 http://www.life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/ Name: eee105 Password: prAIRie

3. Erosion - Wearing away and transportation of soil by wind and water. SoilSoil Worldwide removes 25.4 Billion tons/yr Made worse by deforestation Poor agricultural practices increase erosion and lead to the transport of associated fertilizers and pesticides and desertification

4. DesertificationDesertification

5. DesertificationDesertification

6. DesertificationDesertification

7. DesertificationDesertification

8. DesertificationDesertification Climate change Deforestation Overgrazing Poor farming practices

9. DesertificationDesertification The U.S.Inter-Mountain West

10. DesertificationDesertification

11. SalinizationSalinization

12. Calcium Sodium H2OH2OH2OH2O

13. SalinizationSalinization

14. Erosion SoilSoil Most current agricultural areas lose topsoil faster than it can be replenished Wind erosion Water erosion

15. Erosion - Wearing away and transportation of soil by wind and water. SoilSoil

16. Erosion SoilSoil

17. SoilSoil Sustainable farming Illinois Erosion & Sediment Control Law called “T by 2000” T = tolerable soil loss 3-5 tons/acre/year

18. Erosion SoilSoil Conservation tillage Sustainable farming

19. Erosion SoilSoil Conservation tillage Sustainable farming Hedgerows

20. Erosion SoilSoil Conservation tillage Sustainable farming Hedgerows Perimeter wetlands

21. Erosion SoilSoil Great Plains have had four serious bouts of wind erosion since late 1800’s.

22. Agriculture and Pest Management Chapter 15

23. Thomas Malthus time food population Doomsday Essay on Population 1798

24. Ancient Agriculture

25. Plant Breeding

26. Green Revolution

27. Norman Borlaug International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, El Batan, Mexico Nobel Peace Prize 1970

28. Agricultural Methods Slash and Burn Particularly useful on thin tropical soils Vegetation is cleared for agriculture and burned to release nutrients

30. Agricultural Methods Slash and Burn Particularly useful on thin tropical soils But depletes soil nutrients Cleared soil useful for only 3-5 years Vegetation is cleared for agriculture and burned to release nutrients

32. Mechanized Agriculture Typical of industrialized countries Requires large amounts of energy and flat land.

33. Often monocultures Requires large amounts of energy and flat land. Typical of industrialized countries Mechanized Agriculture

34. Monocultures vulnerable to pest invasion to evolution of new pests

35. Monocultures elm trees lined the Quad in the 1940’s all died of the Dutch Elm Disease

36. Often monocultures Requires large amounts of energy and flat land. Typical of industrialized countries Mechanized Agriculture Hybrid crop varieties High technology

37. Mechanized Agriculture

39. Problems With Mechanized Agriculture soil erosion fertilizer runoff depletion of soil nutrients lead to increased fertilizer use irrigation depletes aquifer ground water monoculture often leads to increased pesticide use

40. PESTICIDES Pesticide - Any chemical used to kill or control populations of unwanted fungi, plants, or animals.

41. Insecticides Used to control insect populations.. 3000 yr. Ago Homer noted the use of Sulfur to control insects. Known for centuries that certain plant products produce repellant chemicals. –Nicotine (tobacco) Coevolution of chemical defenses

42. Coevolution Monarch, milkweed mimicry, mimicry

43. Herbicides Used to control unwanted plants. About 60% of pesticides used in US are herbicides. Weeds compete with crops for soil nutrients. Traditional weed control methods are expensive in terms of time and energy.

44. Herbicides Used to control unwanted plants. About 60% of pesticides used in US are herbicides. Weeds compete with crops for soil nutrients. Traditional weed control methods are expensive in terms of time and energy.

45. Herbicides transgenic herbicide resistant crops

46. Fungicides and Rodenticides Fungicides are an important defense against spoilage of both seeds and mature crops. In some parts of the world, governments place a reward on rats because they can destroy agricultural crops.

47. But pests evolve DDT resistance Herbicide resistant weeds escaped genes Warfarin-resistant rats

48. corn root borer But pests evolve Corn root borer starved on soy beans Alternate corn & soy beans annually But in late ‘80’s a new strain of borer evolved which could feed on soy beans

49. corn root borer But pests evolveevolve

50. corn rootborer But pests evolve