1. Digital Divide and PingER Prepared by Les Cottrell for the ICFA meeting, August 15, 2003 www.slac.stanford.edu/grp/scs/net/talk03/icfa- aug03.html Partially funded by DOE/MICS Field Work Proposal on Internet End-to-end Performance Monitoring (IEPM), also supported by IUPAP

2. PingER Benefits Measures analyzes & reports round-trip times, losses, availability, throughput... –Uses ubiquitous ping, no special host, or software to install/configure at remote sites –Low impact on network << 100bits/s, important for many DD sites –Covers 75+ countries (99% of Internet connected population) Provides quantitative historical (> 8yrs) and near real-time information –Aggregate by regions, affiliations etc. –How bad is performance to various regions, rank countries? –Trends: who is catching up, falling behind, is progress being made? –Compare vs. economic, development indicators etc. Use for trouble shooting setting expectations, presenting to policy makers, funding bodies

3. Countries Monitored Country Host sCountry Host sCountry Host sCountry Host s Argentina 6 Estonia 1 Latvia 1 Slovakia 2 Armenia 2 Finland 1 Lithuania 1 Slovenia 1 Australia 4 France 11 Macedonia 2 S Africa 3 Austria 2 Georgia 1 Malaysia 3 Spain 6 Azerbaijan 2 Germany 13 Mexico 5 Sweden 4 Bangladesh 1 Ghana 1 Moldova 2 Switzerland 8 Belarus 2 Greece 1 Mongolia 1 Taiwan 1 Belgium 3 Guatemala 2 Netherlands 12 Thailand 1 Brazil 21 Hungary 5 New-Zealand 4 Turkey 2 Bulgaria 1 Iceland 3 Nigeria 1 Uganda 1 Canada 11 India 10 Norway 2 Ukraine 2 Chile 4 Indonesia 3 Pakistan 1 UK 36 China 6 Iran 4 Peru 1 US 208 Colombia 4 Ireland 2 Poland 4 Uruguay 3 Costa-Rica 1 Israel 5 Portugal 2 Uzbekistan 2 Croatia 5 Italy 13 Romania 1 Venezuela 2 Cuba 2 Japan 11 Russia 12 Vietnam 1 Czech-Rep 3 Jordan 1 Saudi Arabia 1Albania0 Denmark 1 Kazakhstan 2 Serbia & Montenegro 2Philippines0 Egypt 1 Korea 2 Singapore 1 Used to monitor Only 1 host Need > 1 host to reduce anomalies

4. Recent additions Contacts –New contacts in Vietnam, the Philippines, Serbia/Montenegro, Belarus, Macedonia, Albania, Turkey, and Tunisia –Looking for contacts in Cuba, Kenya, Algeria and South Africa, Uganda Added hosts in Macedonia, Serbia/Montenegro, Belarus, Turkey, Armenia, Mexico and Azerbaijan. Increased hosts monitored from CERN to give better European view –Now monitoring 60 countries

5. Current State – June ‘03 (throughput) Within region performance better –E.g. Ca|US-NA, Hu-SE Eu, Eu-Eu, Jp-E Asia, Au-Au, Ru-Ru Africa, Caucasus, Central & S. Asia all bad Bad < 200kbits/s < DSL Acceptable > 200, < 1000kbits/s Good > 1000kbits/s

6. Trends Africa shown for only Uganda seen from SLAC, since adding new countries with very different throughputs distorts result S.E. Europe, Russia: catching up Latin Am., Mid East, China: keeping up India, Africa: falling behind

7. Loss Comparisons with Development (UNDP) Even weaker with education & literacy Weak correlation with Human Development or GDP

8. NREN Core Network Size (Mbps-km) 10M 1M 100K 10K 1K 100 2000 2001 Leading Advanced In transition Source: From slide prepared by Harvey Newman, presented by David Williams ICFA/SCIC talk on Serenate report. Data from the TERENA Compendium Lagging Derived throughput~MSS/(RTT*sqrt(loss)) Europe

9. Network Readiness NRI from Center for International Development, Harvard U. http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002_ch02.pdf http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cr/pdf/gitrr2002_ch02.pdf Improved correlation (0.21 => 0.41) by: –Using derived throughput ~ MSS / (RTT * sqrt(loss)) –Fit to exponential Internet for all focus A&R focus

10. Collaborations & Funding 35+ monitoring sites in 15 countries –Plan to add ICTP Trieste if funded –Other projects used toolkit, e.g. XIWT SLAC with help from FNAL Digital Divide collaboration (MOU) with ICTP, Trieste –eJDS –They are looking for a EU grant for eJDS and PingER Need funding for coming year: –Working with DoE, NSF, Pew Charitable Foundation … –Tasks: (0.5 FTE) ongoing maintain data collection, explain needs, reopen connections, open firewall blocks, find replacement hosts, make limited special analyses, prepare & make presentations, respond to questions (+ 0.5 FTE) extend the code for new environment (more countries, more data collections), fix known non-critical bugs, improve visualization, automate reports generated by hand today, find new country site contacts, add route histories and visualization, automate alarms, update web site for better navigation, add more DD monitoring sites/countries, improve code portability Also looking for small grants for helpers in developing countries ICFA: show importance to policy makers, funding agencies, identify sympathetic contacts at agencies, get support

11. Summary Performance is improving all over Performance to developed countries are orders of magnitude better than to developing countries Poorer regions 5-10 years behind Poorest regions Africa, Caucasus, Central & S. Asia Some regions are: –catching up (SE Europe, Russia), –keeping up (Latin America, Mid East, China), –falling further behind (e.g. India, Africa)

12. More Information PingER: –www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/pinger/www-iepm.slac.stanford.edu/pinger/ eJDS –www.ejds.org/www.ejds.org/ ICFA/SCIC Network Monitoring report, Jan03 –www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/icfa/icfa-net-paper-dec02www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/icfa/icfa-net-paper-dec02 Monitoring the Digital Divide, CHEP03 paper –http://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0305/0305016.pdfhttp://arxiv.org/ftp/physics/papers/0305/0305016.pdf Human Development Index –www.undp.org/hdr2003/pdf/hdr03_backmatter_2.pdfwww.undp.org/hdr2003/pdf/hdr03_backmatter_2.pdf Network Readiness Index –www.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Initiatives+subhomewww.weforum.org/site/homepublic.nsf/Content/Initiatives+subhome

13. EXtras Netherlands Sweden Canada Venezuela Mexico Slovakia Japan