1. Element Elements and Compounds Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals Structure of Atom Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Objective: Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals.

2. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Petroleum Structure of Atom Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Atomic Orbitals An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave- like behaviour of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals

3. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Petroleum Structure of Atom Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Atomic Orbitals Each orbital in an atom is characterized by a unique set of values of the three quantum numbers n, l, and m, which correspond to the electron's energy, angular momentum, and an angular momentum vector component, respectively. Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals The simple names s orbital, p orbital and d orbital refer to orbitals with angular momentum quantum number l = 0, 1 and 2 respectively.

4. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Petroleum Structure of Atom Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation s- orbitals The s orbital is a spherically-shaped region describing where an electron can be found, within a certain degree of probability. All s orbitals have l = m = 0, but the value of n can vary. Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals

5. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Petroleum Structure of Atom Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Node A node is a place where there is zero probability of finding an electron. A radial node has a spherical surface with zero probability. Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals The more nodes the higher the energy of the orbitals.

6. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Petroleum Structure of Atom Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation For ‘p’ orbital l =1, & m =+1, 0,–1 means there are three ‘p’ orbitals, which is symbolised as p x, p y, p z. Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals p- orbitals The size, shape and energy of all the three orbitals are equal. They only differ in their orientation. Shape of ‘p’ orbital is dumb bell in which the two lobes on opposite side separated by the nodal plane. p-orbital has directional properties.

7. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Petroleum Structure of Atom Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation For the ‘d’ orbital l =2 then the values of ‘m’ are – 2, –1, 0, +1, +2. It shows that the ‘d’ orbitals has five orbitals as d xy, d yz, d zx, d x 2 –y 2, d z 2 Each ‘d’ orbital identical in shape, size and energy. Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals d- orbitals The shape of d orbital is double dumb bell. It has directional properties.

8. Element Elements and Compounds Extraction of Sulphur Non-metals Compounds A compound is a substance composed of two or more elements, chemically combined with one another in a fixed proportion. Water, sugar, salt, carbon dioxide, methane etc are the examples of compounds. Mineral Coal and Mineral Oil Petroleum Structure of Atom Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals Orbital shape: s - spherical or sharp, p - dumbbell shaped or principal, d - diffuse or 4-fold symmetry Shapes of s, p and d-orbitals