3.  3 factors -Birth -Birth -Death -Death -Migration -Migration  population change circulation  Zero population growth  Birth rate  Death rate <1% 1-1.9% 2-2.9% 3+% Data not available Annual world population growth

4. Two types of fertility rates affecting a countries population size and growth rate  Replacement level fertility: the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.5 in 2000 in developing)  Total fertility rate: estimate of number of children a woman will have between 15 – 49, average global TFR is 2.9 (above regular level of 2.1)

5. Births per woman < 2 2-2.9 3-3.9 4-4.9 5+ No Data Women

6. 76 million in 1900 76 million in 1900 276 million in 2000 276 million in 2000  Baby Boom  2000 Total Fertility rates of 2.1 children per women Hispanics 2.9Hispanics 2.9 Asian/ Pacific Islander1.9Asian/ Pacific Islander1.9 Native American2.1Native American2.1 Black2.2Black2.2 White1.8White1.8

7. 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 0 0 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Births per thousand population Demographic transition Depression Baby boom Baby bust Echo baby boom World War II Year

8. Birth Rates children as labor children as labor UrbanizationUrbanization Cost of raising childrenCost of raising children Infant mortality rateInfant mortality rate Education of womenEducation of women Availability of birth control methods and legal abortionsAvailability of birth control methods and legal abortions Death Rates Food supplyFood supply Improvement in sanitation and hygieneImprovement in sanitation and hygiene Safer water suppliesSafer water supplies Better nutritionBetter nutrition Improvement in public health technologyImprovement in public health technology

9. Infant deaths per 1,000 live births <10 <10-35 <36-70 <71-100 <100+ Data not available

11. Age structure Age structure 3 categories 3 categories - pre-reproductive( 0 – 14 yrs) - pre-reproductive( 0 – 14 yrs) - reproductive ( 15 – 44 yrs) - reproductive ( 15 – 44 yrs) - post reproductive ( 45-and up yrs) - post reproductive ( 45-and up yrs) growth affected by number of people in prime reproductive years and the children moving into those years. growth affected by number of people in prime reproductive years and the children moving into those years. Force for continued population growth Force for continued population growth due to : due to : - ineffective program to decrease births - ineffective program to decrease births - increase death rates - increase death rates

12. Baby boom : 70 million person increase in U.S. between 1946 – 1964Baby boom : 70 million person increase in U.S. between 1946 – 1964 Baby – bust generation or generation –x: 44 million people born between 1965 and 1976Baby – bust generation or generation –x: 44 million people born between 1965 and 1976 Echo – boom generation: 82 million people born from 1977 - 2000Echo – boom generation: 82 million people born from 1977 - 2000

13. Ages 0-14 Ages 15-44 Ages 45-85+ Rapid GrowthGuatemalaNigeria Saudi Arabia Rapid GrowthGuatemalaNigeria Saudi Arabia Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Slow Growth United States Australia Canada Male Female Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Zero Growth Spain Austria Greece Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden Negative Growth Germany Bulgaria Sweden

14. global aging: people over 60 outnumber children under 15 in developed countries while the opposite is true in developing countries( baby boom generation) global aging: people over 60 outnumber children under 15 in developed countries while the opposite is true in developing countries( baby boom generation) effects of sharp population decline effects of sharp population decline Economic -Older people use social security, Medicare and tax dollar services -labor shortages unless increased immigration of workers Social - Sharp rise in proportion of older people

16.  Immigration  Emigration  Environmental refugees  Population change  Migration in population dynamics

17. “ if current predictions of population growth and patterns of human activity on the planet remain unchanged, science and technology may not be able to prevent either irreversible degradation of the environment or continued poverty for much of the world” - US National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society of London

18. Pros stimulate economic growth stimulate economic growth raising family is most enjoyable thing many people do raising family is most enjoyable thing many people do Large families provide security for parents in old age in countries that lack social securityLarge families provide security for parents in old age in countries that lack social security Cons Violate religious beliefs and attempt to limit minority numbersViolate religious beliefs and attempt to limit minority numbers Threat to earth life-support system & human populationThreat to earth life-support system & human population Increase environmental harmIncrease environmental harm

19. What is earths optimum sustainable population?

20.  Impair earths ability to sustain life by causing social disruption ( intensifies existing environmental and social problems).  overshoot earths sustainable yield using resources like natural gas, coal, oil, freshwater, organisms as food resources.  Overpopulation limits earths ability to replenish its natural resources and causes an increase in energy supply like oil, which can be a hazard to the environment.

21.  Demographic transition  4 distinct stages - pre-industrial - pre-industrial - transitional - transitional - industrial - industrial - post-industrial - post-industrial

22. Low High Relative population size Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) Birth rate and death rate (number per 1,000 per year) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 1 Preindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 2 Transindustrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 3 Industrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Stage 4 Postindustrial Low growth rate Low growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Increasing Growth growth rate Very high growth rate Very high growth rate Decreasing growth rate Decreasing growth rate Low growth rate Low growth rate Zero growth rate Zero growth rate Negative growth rate Negative growth rate Birth rate Total population Death rate TimeTime Fig. 11.26, p. 255

23.  Family planning- provides educational and clinical services that help couples choose how many children to have and when to have them. contraception use in developing countries increase from 10% - 52% in 2000 (39% of china excluded) contraception use in developing countries increase from 10% - 52% in 2000 (39% of china excluded)  advantages of family planning less money is needed for children social services less money is needed for children social services the number of legal and illegal abortions per year decline sharply the number of legal and illegal abortions per year decline sharply the risk of death from childbearing decreases. the risk of death from childbearing decreases.  Effective in: -China -Indonesia -Brazil -Bangladesh  Ineffective in: - India -Egypt -Pakistan -Nigeria -Africa -Latin America

24. Studies show women live longer and have fewer children when: have access to education and to paying jobs outside the home have access to education and to paying jobs outside the home live in societies where they have rights live in societies where they have rights Women work 2/3rds of all hours worked but: receive only 10% of the worlds income receive only 10% of the worlds income Own only 0.01% of the worlds propertyOwn only 0.01% of the worlds property are unpaid at the estimate of 11 trillion annually. are unpaid at the estimate of 11 trillion annually. make up 70% of the worlds poor make up 70% of the worlds poor

25. about 20 countries suffer small payments to people who agree to use contraceptives or to be sterilized about 20 countries suffer small payments to people who agree to use contraceptives or to be sterilized Countries,like China, penalize couples who have more than one or two children byCountries,like China, penalize couples who have more than one or two children by -raising their taxes - charging fees - eliminating income tax deductions Rewards work best when Rewards work best when - encourage (rather than coerce) people to have fewer children - reinforce existing customs and trends toward smaller families - do not penalize people who produce large families before the programs were established - increase a poor families economic status

27. Both countries have a strong preference for male children, which contributes to population growth India Disappointing results because: Poor planningPoor planning BureaucraticBureaucraticInefficiency Low status of womenLow status of women Extreme povertyExtreme poverty Lack of administrative and financial supportLack of administrative and financial support China Successful results because: Extensive and intrusive population control program Extensive and intrusive population control program Economic incentives for one child Economic incentives for one child - extra food - extra food - larger pension - larger pension - better housing - better housing - Free medical care - Free medical care - Salary bonuses - Salary bonuses - free school tuition - free school tuition - Preferential treatment in - Preferential treatment in employment employment

29.  1944, Goal of United Nations meeting in Cairo was to encourage action to stabilize population growth at 7.8 billion by 2054, rather than the projected 9 billion  Goals include: Universal access to family planning programsUniversal access to family planning programs Improve health careImprove health care Increase access to education for womenIncrease access to education for women Increase involvement of men in childbearing responsibilitiesIncrease involvement of men in childbearing responsibilities Take steps to eradicate povertyTake steps to eradicate poverty

31. Immigration & Naturalization service estimates 5.2 million illegal immigrants in the U.S. Immigration & Naturalization service estimates 5.2 million illegal immigrants in the U.S. Between 1820 & 1999 the U.S. admitted almost twice as many immigrants & refugees as all other countries combined. Between 1820 & 1999 the U.S. admitted almost twice as many immigrants & refugees as all other countries combined. illegal immigrants account for 40% of all country's population growth. illegal immigrants account for 40% of all country's population growth. 75% of legal immigrants live in : California, Florida, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, and Texas. 75% of legal immigrants live in : California, Florida, Illinois, New York, New Jersey, and Texas. If the U.S. would reduce current levels of immigration it would decrease the needed supply of workers as baby boomers retire. If the U.S. would reduce current levels of immigration it would decrease the needed supply of workers as baby boomers retire.

32. Carrying capacity: defined as the maximum number of people or animals an area can support.Carrying capacity: defined as the maximum number of people or animals an area can support. Cultural Carrying Capacity: reduced number of carrying capacity in order to increase quality of life.Cultural Carrying Capacity: reduced number of carrying capacity in order to increase quality of life. Universal Question: Universal Question: Should we maximize the number of human beings living at lowest level of comfort or minimize the number to a comforting cultural carrying capacity?

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