2. Student Athletes Presented by: Caroline Falk, Matt Jarmon, Gwen Kenny, Denise Stewart

3. COLLEGIATE STUDENT ATHLETES Definition: A intercollegiate level student athlete is defined as a student who participates in organized sport on a collegiate level for the institution in which they are enrolled. Youth Organized Sports Interscholastic Sports Intercollegiate Sports Professional Sports

4. COLLEGIATE ATHLETICS HISTORY 1843 – Yale University Boat Club 1844 – Harvard University Boat Club 1852 – 1 st rowing competition 1859 – 1 st intercollegiate baseball game 1872 – 1 st intercollegiate football association 1875 – 1 st intercollegiate track and field association 1883 – 1 st intercollegiate tennis match 1895 – 1 st intercollegiate ice hockey game 1899 – 1 st intercollegiate gymnastics competition 1906 – NCAA formed (Tew, 2011)

5. GOVERNING ASSOCIATION NCAA: National Collegiate Athletic Association Non-profit association 1,281 institutions represented Provides rules and regulations that govern collegiate sports Three division setup (Division I, Division II, and Division III) Governs financial setups and scholarship availability Sports Represented: Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Boxing, Cross Country, Fencing, Field Hockey, Football, Golf, Gymnastics, Ice Hockey, Lacrosse, Rifle, Rowing, Skiing, Soccer, Softball, Swimming and Diving, Tennis, Track and Field, Volleyball, Water Polo, Wrestling

6. NCAA ROLE: Monitor Academics: Earn at least a 2.3 grade-point average in core courses Sliding scale standards for freshmen Meet an increased sliding-scale standard (for example, an SAT score of 820 requires a 2.5 high school core course GPA) Remain full time degree seeking student Student athletes must declare a major before the seventh term or third year Provide oversight & regulation (Smith, 2000): Safety regulations Commercialization Promote fair competition

7. STUDENT SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT Astin’s Theory of Involvement: Increased student academic and social involvement influences the amount of student learning and development (Pascarella & Terenzini, 2005)

8. Funding Academics Historic athletic academic deficits / recent academic reform Pressure / Commitment Social Injustices Sexism, homophobia, racism Generated Income Billions generated for universities and private sponsorship companies Sonny Vaccaro Athletic bribery scandals Reggie Bush Cam Newton Jim Tressel ATHLETICS CONTROVERSY:

9. COLLEGIATE SPORTS RELATED ISSUES

10. Decreased social life (Hudson, 2000) Depression / increased pressure Abuse of illegal substances and alcohol, poor graduation rates Violence / Hazing / Substance Abuse (Hinkle et al, 2007) Eating disorders /hazing / peer pressure Focus beyond college A focus on winning and athletics in colleges often takes priority over academics. New sports facilities are often built instead of creating or growing existing academic programs. Huge amounts of money and time are invested in recruiting the best athletes in the country COLLEGIATE SPORTS RELATED ISSUES

11. POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ATHLETICS

12. Learning teamwork / discipline Maintaining good health Following rules Building character Creating confidence / self esteem (Anderson, 2004) Goal-setting and the ability to overcome failure Strong social networks

13. EFFECTS ON ACADEMICS Positive impact on GPA for females Slight drop in GPA points in the off season Major clustering / Career path selection (Milton et al, 2012) Complex area of research Divisions by gender

14. TOOLS FOR SUCCESS: Coordinated programming in conjunction with academic and advising services TYPES OF PROGRAMMING Academic Support Tutoring (Thamel, 2006) Monitored study halls Educational planning Supplemental Instruction Career preparation Career development workshops Targeted recruitment programming Acclimation Programing Specialized orientations Individualized counseling

15. Conducted by: Steve Chen, Moorehead State University; Shonna Snyder, Gardner Webb University; Monica Magner, Morehead State University (Chen, S. et al 2008) 163 student-athletes (59%) 112 non-athlete students (41%) From a National Collegiate Athletic Division-I institution Males = 172 (62.5%) Females = 103 (37.5%) Information collected in 2008 spring semester RELATED STUDIES: Seven sub-factors: Personal Role Importance of Sport Personal Attributes Expectation of Others Core Benefits Social Relationship Specific Behaviors

16. Conducted by: NCAA (GOALS and SCORES STUDY) (Pope, 2009) GOALS – Growth, Opportunities, Aspirations and Learning of Students in college – 21,000 current student-athletes at 627 Division I, II and III schools SCORE – Study of College Outcomes and Recent Experiences – 8,500 former student-athletes who graduated HS in 1994. – Surveyed about their college experiences; current education, career, and well-being RELATED STUDIES: NCAA

17. Student athletes report being actively engaged in their academic experience –both in and out of the classroom Within the classroom, over 70% of student-athletes report that they participate in class Always or Often and 87% report coming to class prepared Always or Most of the Time Use of academic support services Perceived effect on GPA More athlete than student Great social benefit Effect on choosing college RELATED STUDIES: NCAA CONT.

18. Anderson, C.B. (2004). “Athletic identity and its relation to exercise behavior: Scale development and initial validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26(1), 39-56. Ayers, K., Pazmino-Cevallos, M., & Dobose, C. (2012). The 20-Hour Rule: Student- Athletes Time Commitment to Athletics and Academics. Virginia Journal, 33 (1), 22-26. Chen, S., Snyder, S., and Magner, M., (2010). Journal of Issues in Intercollegiate Athletics, “The Effects of Sports Participation on Student Athletes’ and Non-Athlete Student’s Social Life and Identity,” http://csri- jiia.org/documents/puclications/research_articles/2010/JIIA_2010_3_10_176_193_Athletic %20Identity.pdfhttp://csri- jiia.org/documents/puclications/research_articles/2010/JIIA_2010_3_10_176_193_Athletic %20Identity.pdf Hinkle, S., Smith, S.L., & Stellino, M.B. (2007). “Cognitive dissonance in athletic hazing: The roles of commitment and athletic identity.” Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology (Suppl.), 29, S1169-S170. Hudson, A. (2000). “Effects of athletic involvement on the social life: A study of 68 track and field athletes.” SOURCES:

19. Milton, P. R., Freeman, D., & Williamson, L. M. (2012). Do Athletic Scholarships Impact Academic Success of Intercollegiate Student-Athletes: An Exploratory Investigation. Journal Of Issues In Intercollegiate Athletics, 5 329-338. NCAA (2006). Student-Athlete Perspectives on Their College Experience: Preliminary Findings from the NCAA GOALS and SCORE Studies. Retrieved November 11, 2013, from https://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/cbfa16004b43fac09453d5d0ae33e5ab/2007_Con vention_Prelim_GOALS_SCORE_Findings.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=cbfa16004b4 3fac09453d5d0ae33e5ab. https://www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/cbfa16004b43fac09453d5d0ae33e5ab/2007_Con vention_Prelim_GOALS_SCORE_Findings.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=cbfa16004b4 3fac09453d5d0ae33e5ab. O’Shaughnessy, L. (2009). “Playing for a scholarship,” http://moneywatch.bnet.com/ saving-money/article/scoring-a-college-athletic-scholarship/307436/http://moneywatch.bnet.com/ Parcarella, E.T. & Terenzini, P.T. (2005). How college affects students: A third decade of research. Volume 2. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA. SOURCES:

20. Smith, R. K. (2000). Brief History of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Role in Regulating Intercollegiate Athletics, A. Marq. Sports L. Rev., 11, 9. Snyder, E. M., Kras, J. M., Bressel, E., & Reeve, E. M. (2011). The Relationship of Residence to Academic Performance in NCAA Division I Freshman Athletes. Journal Of Issues In Intercollegiate Athletics, 105-119. Tew, T. (2011). The History of Collegiate Athletics. The History of Collegiate Athletics. Retrieved October 30, 2013, from http://tylertew.wordpress.com/2011/06/21/the-history-of-collegiate-athletics-1865- 1900/ http://tylertew.wordpress.com/2011/06/21/the-history-of-collegiate-athletics-1865- 1900/ Thamel, P. (2006). Athletes get new college pitch: Check out our tutoring center. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/04/sports/ncaafootball/04ncaa.html?pagewanted=all http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/04/sports/ncaafootball/04ncaa.html?pagewanted=all SOURCES: