1. African civilizations Empires and Trading States

2. Spread of ideas Besides goods and technology, trade caused the spread of ideas among different cultures. Besides goods and technology, trade caused the spread of ideas among different cultures.

3. Spread of religions Spread of religions across the hemisphere: Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan. Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia.

4. Spread of religions ► Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia.

5. Owing to the Trade Routes…  African civilizations developed in sub- Saharan west and east Africa.  States and empires flourished in Africa during the Medieval period, including:  Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in west Africa.  Axum and Kush in east Africa.  Zimbabwe in southern Africa

6. Characteristics of civilizations in Sub- Saharan Africa: Kush (Nubia) The Kingdom of Kush developed along the upper Nile River, about the same time that Egypt arose. It heavily traded with Egypt and lasted for more than a thousand years, finally declining about 200 A.D.

7. A Queen of the Ethiopians is mentioned in the New Testament: A Queen of the Ethiopians is mentioned in the New Testament: Acts 8:27: And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace [Kandákê] queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship... Acts 8:27: And he arose and went: and, behold, a man of Ethiopia, an eunuch of great authority under Candace [Kandákê] queen of the Ethiopians, who had the charge of all her treasure, and had come to Jerusalem for to worship... As it happens, this now common name, "Candace," was not a proper name, but the title of the Queen of Kush, whether a ruling Queen or the mother of the heir. As it happens, this now common name, "Candace," was not a proper name, but the title of the Queen of Kush, whether a ruling Queen or the mother of the heir.

8. Axum Location relative to the Ethiopian Highlands and the Nile River. Christian kingdom

9. Zimbabwe Location relative to the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers and the Indian Ocean coast. Location relative to the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers and the Indian Ocean coast. City of “Great Zimbabwe” as a capital of a prosperous empire. City of “Great Zimbabwe” as a capital of a prosperous empire.

10. European explorers discovered vast stone ruins of the Karanga in 1867. European explorers discovered vast stone ruins of the Karanga in 1867. –The site of the ruins was called Zimbabwe, which means “stone dwelling” in the native Bantu language of the region.

11. West African Kingdoms Location of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires relative to Niger River and the Sahara.

12. Trade Ghana, Mali, and Songhai established trade routes that were in use for centuries. Early trade networks were setup inside of Africa. As these networks grew and became more prosperous, they expanded to include the Mediterranean and then eventually Europe. Trade goods included gold, salt, cooper, iron, various minerals, and agricultural products.

13. Timbuktu Gold and salt were important to Trans- Saharan trade. City of Timbuktu was a center of trade and learning, located in the Kingdom of Mali. Animism and Islam were significant in the west African kingdoms.