1. Warm Up With the last incident in Connecticut in your opinion what should school districts do to ensure the safety of the students and staff? Remember you must be within reason.

2. Classical Africa

5. Northeast Africa Early Nubia: Egypt as a model, gold and slaves Napata (Kush): 8 th - 6 th century fought with Egyptians Meroë: Nubians adopted Hellenism, gold and ivory, irrigation technology, 5 independent female rulers, shifting trade patterns lead to decline

6. Blue Nile, Northern Ethiopia

7. Kushite Pyramids

8. Christian Nubia (NEA) Missionaries converted nobility (543- 1504) Divided into feudal kingdoms Christian society with monasteries, cathedrals, and castles ruled by African bishops and knights

10. Ethiopian Highlands (NEA) South of Nubia: outside Nile valley 2 nd oldest African civilization Arab colonists intermarried and absorbed by locals: State of Axum Axum kings: Merchant princes of Red Sea trade Major regional power until coming of Islam

12. Ethiopian Highlands

13. West Africa Horse: military system rested on armored, mounted knights Camel: major event in African history, TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE with North Africa Divine Kingship: used to establish ideology for the centralized politics and economy Gold: success rested on camels, new fields, and strong kingdoms

16. Ghana (WA) Oldest historical West African kingdom Greatest period 10-13 th centuries Gold: biggest, wealthiest, most powerful state in west Africa Traditional religions: Divine Kingship

18. Ghana and Islam Muslim merchants in 9 th century Ghana kings learned to capitalize on writing and administration skills Merged into a single society Sacked by Muslim Berbers from the Sahara Lost preeminence in Africa

19. Mali (WA) United WA after fall of Ghana Sundiata: Alexander of Africa Mansa Musa: MVP of Mali society –Ruled at height of power –Pilgrimage –Wide spread inflation

20. Mansa Musa

23. Songhai (WA) Final and greatest kingdom 1464-1592 Overthrew Mali Great centers of Islamic learning and culture Timbuktu Overthrown by Moroccans in 1591 Benin and Ifo (Art and Statues)

25. Southern and Central Sub- Saharan Africa Numerous ethnic groups collectively known as Bantu, a linguistic term Not native, migrated from western Africa (Niger river) as early as 400 BCE Iron tools: increased population, powerful military states Social organization: male solidarity, expands power and land

27. Eastern Zimbabwe cave paintings, carbon dated at nearly 1000 years ago

28. Mwenemutapa (Great Zimbabwe) Flourished in 13-17 th centuries Power: Bantu military traditions, gold, good agricultural production, and control of trade routes Most famous part is walled complex at Great Zimbabwe: supreme example of indigenous African architecture. Included stone places, walls, towers, and shrines

30. Great Zimbabwe Ruins