2. Sub- Saharan Africa refers to those countries that are a. South of the Sahara Desert b. In the Sahara Desert c. North of the Sahara Desert d. East of the Nile River TEKS 1A,C; 6A; 19B; 26C

3. Geography Africa is split into 2 parts Saharan Africa 40% of Continent Sub-Saharan Africa 60% of Continent Africa is the 2 nd largest continent after Asia Tropical Rainforests make up 5% of Continent Saharan Desert savanna

5. Africa has few harbors or ports Rivers are hard to navigate Farmland and grassland take up 40% of continent. Farming and ranching take up most of the grassland.

6. NAME OF KINGDOM Location Economy Type of government Important points

7. Ghana Located south of the Sahara Desert in West Africa Economy based on trading, mining, farming & cattle ranching Government - Monarchy Important Points City of Timbuktu- Leading center for culture, education and Islam in Africa Controlled the Salt & Gold trade routes between west & north Africa

8. Mali Located southeast of Ghana: later grew to include all of Ghana Economy based on trading, mining (Gold & Salt) Government - Monarchy: Mansa Musa (King) Important Points @1300 was the largest empire in the world Center of the spread of Islam in Africa

9. Songhai Located east of Mali Economy based on trading, mining Government - Monarchy Important Points Practiced Islam Famous rulers: Sonna Ali & Askia Mohammad

10. Cush Located south of Egypt on the Nile River Economy based on trade, agriculture, iron products Government - Monarchy: Capital in Meroe Important Points Ruled Ancient Egypt for several hundred years Developed an alphabet and written language

11. Axum Located in Ethiopian Highlands Economy based on trade, Agriculture & ivory products Government - Monarchy: Rulers of Ethiopia claimed to be the descendants of King Solomon Important Points Modern day Ethiopia is located in the same geographic area

12. Zimbabwe Located in southeast Africa near Zambezi River Economy based on trade with city-states in the area Government - Monarchy

13. Kanem-Bornu Located in central Africa- Modern day Sudan Economy based on trade, farming, cattle ranching and mining Government - Monarchy Had a professional army Important Points Wealth was based on copper mines Practiced Islam as their main religion

14. Hausa & Fulani Located in west Africa: Modern day Nigeria Economy based on trade & Ivory Government - City-states ruled by a Sultan Important Points Practiced Islam

15. Forest Kingdoms of West Africa: Benin, Dahomey, Kongo, Asante Located in coastal areas of west Africa Economy based on slave trade, Farming and Gold Government - Monarchy Important Points Wealth was based on gold and slave trade

17. Goods Traded from the Sahara desert: Salt, Cloth and metals Goods from south of the Sahara desert: Gold, Ivory, Slaves & Spices

18. Trade Routes Across the Sahara Desert from southern Africa to North Africa From North to Europe and Asia

19. Significance: Aided in the rise of the African Empires Spread Islam through West Africa from the Middle East