1. Human Population Growth Trends

2. Demography = study of populations
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
Relatively high birth rate (big gap between birth and death rate)
Low life expectancy
Considered the poorest countries
Poor human development
Depend on developed countries for help (beginning stages of development)
Shortage of supplies: food, water, medical, education
Mostly wealthy countries
Low birth rate (where some have declined), and death rate
Average life expectancy (past the age of 75)
Rapidly aging population
Enjoy industrial growth and a flourishing economy

3. How would you compare the populations between a developed and a developing country?

4. Stage 1: High Stationary
Stages of Demographic Transition
Stage 1: High Stationary
(high birth and death rates, but growth is small)
Reasons for high birth rate:
Limited birth control, on family planning
High infant mortality rate, encouraging more children
Children seen as the future income
Reasons for high death rate:
High incidence of disease
Poor nutrition and famine
Poor hygiene

5. Stage 2: Early Expanding (high birth rate, but falling death rate)
The total population begins to expand rapidly
Reasons for high birth rate:
Economy is based on agriculture, children are needed to work
No form of birth control
Reasons for falling death rate:
Improved public health, and better nutrition
Lower child mortality rate D E M O G R A P H I C S T
Stage 3: Late Expanding (falling birth rate, continuing falling death rate)
The population growth slows down
Reasons for falling birth rate:
Emancipation of women and better education
Women entering the work force, birth control, small families
Changes in social trends and fashion, rise in materialism
Reasons for falling death rate:
More medical advances
Lower infant mortality rate

6. Very few countries are considered in stage 5
Stage 4: Low Stationary (low fluctuating, low birth rate and low death rate)
The population growth is small, and fertility continues to fall
People move to urban areas, wealth improves and they want more possessions (means there is less money available for having children)
Growth rate is zero, death rate is low and fluctuating
Life expectancy is high, so even more people are living to be older
Stage 5: Declining (death rate slightly exceeds the birth rate; causing a population decline)
Very few countries are considered in stage 5
less money available to raise children because people have dependent elderly relatives
Death rate is low and fluctuating
Population growth rate is negative
More older people than younger people

7. LET’S RECAP…
1. _____________ countries have a rapidly aging population. 2. _____________ countries are some of the poorest; typically have high birth rates and low life expectancy. 3. During stage ____ of demographic transition, populations have limited birth control which causes an increase in population numbers. 4. The population decreases during stage ____ due to spending resources taking care of elderly relatives

8. Forecasting Population Size
Countries with many people below 15 years old has a powerful built-in momentum to increase it population size
Population Pyramid
1. Demographers can make
many predictions based on
age structures
a. plots the percentages of
numbers of males and
females in the total population
in each of three age categories:
- prereproductive (ages 0-14)
- reproductive (ages 15-44)
- postreproductive (ages 45 and up)

9. How can population growth be slowed in developing countries?
How would you compare the population growth of the three countries in the graph below?
An effective program to reduce birth rate

10. Age Structure and Economic Projections
Population increased by 79 million between 1946 and 1964! (baby boom)
How do they affect our current population structure?
Baby boomers make up about half the all adult Americans
50-something and 60-something markets
As a result:
Dominate the population’s demand for goods and services
Play an increasingly important role in deciding who gets elected and what laws are passed
What happens when they leave the workforce?

11. The Social Security Tax of the current generation are used to pay the benefit of the current retirees!
As more enter retirement, the burden of support falls on generation X and Y

13. LET’S RECAP…
1. Look at the diagram to the right, Mexico is experiencing __________ growth. 2. Look at the diagram to the right, the United States is experiencing _________

14. Impact of Rapid Population Growth
Social
Government services can’t cope with the rapid increase (not everyone has access)
In large families, children have to help support financially
Overcrowding: people are forced to live in makeshift houses (leads to unclean water and other health issues).
Food shortages.
Political
Most of the population is made of younger individuals; so government policies are focused on issues important to the younger population
Fewer older members
Government has to make policies to bring the population growth under control

15. Economic
Aren’t enough jobs for the number of people in the area; unemployment increases
Increased poverty because more people are born into families that are already poor
On the Land
Shortage of arable land (land that can be used to grow crops)
Urbanization and suburban sprawl has lead to traffic jams, inadequate infrastructure, and the reduction of land for farms and wildlife habitat
Housing within cities has become more costly, more dense, and in short supply

16. Programs/Strategies to Control Population Growth
Countries need to control rapid population growth and they also need to develop in a way that allows people of today to get the things they need without stopping people in the future getting what they need.
Birth control programs aim to reduce the birth rate. Some governments do this by having laws about how many children couples are allowed to have.
Governments also help couples to plan (limit) how many children they have by offering free contraception and sex education.
This helps towards sustainable development because it means the population won’t get much bigger.

17. Immigration laws aim to control immigration (people moving to a country to live there permanently).
Governments can limit the number of people that are allowed to immigrates.
They can also be selective about who they left in (ex: letting in fewer people of child bearing age means there will be fewer immigrants having children)

18. LET’S RECAP…
Rapid population growth results in ______________ in the cities, and has forced people to live in makeshift houses.
Rapid population growth has resulted in _______ water, ______ of the food supply, and other _________ concerns.
Suburban _________ has increased _______ jams, and reduced land use for farmland and __________ habitat.
One way to control the population growth is through _____ _______ programs.