1. NPT or CTR? Gains and Losses for Stockpile Security Lars van Dassen, SKI Morten Bremer Märli, NUPI

2. Three Objectives: I: Highlight differences and similarities between the NPT and CTR II: Address inter-operability III: Recommendations

3. What is the NPT ? Art I Art II Art VI Art III Art II + IV

4. What is CTR ? Cooperative Threat Reduction: Activities to implement nuclear weapons disarmament (dismantlement) and security of materials; primarily in Russia and the FSU; initiated by the USA and adhered to by an increasing number of states both (donors and recipients) for instance in the framework of the G-8 DGP

5. A NPT/CTR relationship ? CTR NPT

6. Differences and similarities (1) NPT CTR ARRANGEMENT: Treaty, institutions, (sg) agreements PARTIES: States RELATION: Equal with subdivision into NNWS and NWS etc. ARRANGEMENT: Bilateral agreements with institutional coating G-8 DGP PARTIES: States RELATION: donor- recipient

7. Differences and similarities (2) NPT CTR ACTORS: States and authorities MEANS: Diplomacy, reciprocity TIME FRAME: Permanent ACTORS: States, authorities, facilities and NGOs MEANS: Diplomacy, funding, negotiations, contracts TIME FRAME: plus/minus 2012

8. Differences and similarities (3) NPT CTR FOCUS: Disarmament/non- proliferation relation, nuclear materials and activities under sg. OUTREACH: Global FOCUS: Disarmament treaties, nuclear security, security of radioactive materials etc. OUTREACH: Regional

9. Differences and similarities (4) NPT CTR DOES FOR STOCKPILE SECURITY: Nothing in NWS, a lot in NNWS (accounting, activities and motivation check) DOES FOR STOCKPILE SECURITY: Quite a lot in NWS (nws) and NNWS - that are assistance recipients (mainly physical protection)

10. Inter-operability of the NPT and CTR ? (1) Approximate quotes: “We need CTR as a cure for all problems and countries” (Henry Hyde) “Instead of the ‘avalanche of acronyms’ of the NPT system we need sound practical measures to stop proliferation”. (John Wolf)

11. Inter-operability of the NPT and CTR ? (2) While the NPT and CTR are different - the mentioned quotes overlook how the NPT and CTR can be used as reciprocally supporting - though also complicating - tools…….

12. Inter-operability of the NPT and CTR ? (3) What can the NPT do for CTR? Provide a moral backbone for non- proliferation and disarmament measures that is otherwise absent Reduce arms twisting Broaden the scope of CTR to include materials accounting issues and states non- proliferation motivation

13. Inter-operability of the NPT and CTR ? (4) What can CTR do for/to the NPT? Provide informal and quick handling of proliferation risks Offer a sensitive and case-adapted entry to the non-proliferation regime Obfuscate non-proliferation nomenclature Turn attention away from NPT obligations, particularly Art VI

14. Recommendations Refer to the NPT when you do CTR Beware of the CTR nomenclature Use CTR to strengthen adherence to NPT obligations and objectives Make sure CTR investments are not undermined by irresponsibility in nuclear weapons development / absence of disarmament

15. Thank you for taking a look at this issue