1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 8: Political Geography The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography

2. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Key Issue 1 : Where Are States Located? Problems of Defining States Problems of Defining States Varying Size of States Varying Size of States Development of the State Concept Development of the State Concept

3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Problems of defining states  A State is an area organized into a political unit and under the rule of an established, sovereign government  Has control over the internal and foreign relations  Occupies a defined territory  Contains a permanent population  Good example of a uniform region  Almost all habitable land belongs to a country today  In 1940, there were about 50 countries  Today, there are 192 countries (as evidenced by United Nations membership)  Some places are difficult to classify  Korea: One state or two?  China and Taiwan: Two states or One?  Western Sahara (Sahrawi Republic): Does Morocco own it? Open to debate  Claims to polar regions : Open to scientific study and research stations from many states, but political and military activity is prohibited. Antarctic Treaty signed in 1959 by 47 states.

4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { United Nations established in 1945 Original members: 49 States As of 2006: 192 sovereign states Greatest increase has occurred in Africa: In 1945 only 4 sovereign states from Africa Break up of the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia stimulated the formation of new states United Nations Members Figure 8-2

5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Claims to the Polar Regions Figure 8-5

6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Varying sizes of states  State size varies considerably  Largest state = Russia  11 percent of the world’s land area  Smallest state = Monaco  Microstate = states with very small land areas  About two dozen microstates

7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Development of the state concept  Prior to the 1800s Earth’s surface was organized in ways different from the state concept. Much of the Earth’s surface was unorganized  Ancient states  The Fertile Crescent formed an arc between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea. The eastern end was centered in the valley formed by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Nile River Valley is sometimes considered the western end of the Fertile Crescent. Early societal organizations in this region were:  Tribes  Empires  Political unity achieved in the Ancient world though the growth of the Roman Empire  City-state  Concept originated in Mesopotamia  Area or region controlled by a centralized town or city

8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Development of the state concept (cont.)  Early European states  After the collapse of the Roman Empire by tribes of people living in the boarder lands, Europe devolved into small estates ruled by competing rulers and kings  The organization of the small estates into larger states became the basis for the development of modern Europe  Colonial Era began in the 1400s when European explorers sailed westward for Asia but landed instead in the Western Hemisphere and established colonies  Three motives: “God, gold, and glory”  European Colonization of Africa and Asia often referred to as Imperialism, which is control of a territory already occupied by an indigenous society  Today = some remaining colonies

9. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Colonial Possessions, 1914, onset of WWI Figure 8-8

10. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Colonial Possessions, 2006 The U.S. Department of State lists 43 colonies with indigenous populations remaining

11. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Key Issue 2 : Why Do Boundaries of States Cause Problems? Shapes of States Shapes of States Types of Boundaries Types of Boundaries Boundaries inside states Boundaries inside states

12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Shapes of States  Territorial morphology: study of states’ shapes and their effects  Shape controls the length of its boundaries  The shape affects the potential for communication and conflict with other states  The shape of a state is part of its unique identity  The shape can influence the ease or difficulty of internal administration  The shape affects social unity  Five basic shapes  Compact = efficient  Elongated = potential isolation  Prorupted = access or disruption  Perforated = South Africa  Fragmented = problematic  Landlocked states

13. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. COMPACT  A compact state with a circular shape is the easiest to manage.  Belgium is an excellent example because of the cultural division between Flanders and Wallonia within Belgium. The compact form of Belgium has helped to keep the country together.  Compact states are also easier to defend than states of other shapes.

14. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. FRAGMENTED  A state that is separated by a physical or human barrier.  Nations such as Indonesia, which is composed of more than 13,000 islands, are known as fragmented states.  It is difficult to govern such a country composed of island (and more than 200 million people).

15. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. EXCLAVES  An exclave is part of a country that is almost completely separated from the main part of the country  Which of the areas at right is an exclave?

16. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ELONGATED  This state is long and narrow Ex: Chile  An elongated state for difficult governance of peripheral areas in the north and south from the central capital region

17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. PERFORATED  This state is completely surrounded by another  South Africa is the classic example of a perforated state, which completely surrounds Lesotho  The surrounded nation can be reached by going through one country.  If there is hostility between the two nations, access to the surrounded nation can be difficult

18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. ENCLAVES  A distinct territorial, cultural, or social unit enclosed within or as if within a region  Which of the areas at right is an enclave?

19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. PRORUPT  A protruded or panhandle country has an extended arm of territory  For example, the state gets easy access to the coast and the local resources around it  In addition, prorupted states are also able to prevent a rival access.  Like an elongated state, the panhandle complicates the shape of the territory

20. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Shapes of States in Southern Africa Figure 8-10

21. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Get Ready for an Activity! Quick! Pick a partner The two of you have 10 minutes to examine the world map on page 244-245 and record as many examples as you can in each column. *Try to find at least one on each continent

22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Boundary: an invisible, vertical plane that cuts through the rocks below and the airspace above, dividing one state territory from another.

23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Establishing a Boundary 1) Define 1) The boundary of the state is defined through treaty-like legal document using points of longitude and latitude or landscape 2) Delimit 1) Cartographers delimit the boundary by drawing it on a map 3) Demarcate 1) States might decide to demarcate the boundary using posts, fences, walls, or other visible objects 4) Administrate 1) States determine how the boundary will be maintained and how goods and people will cross boundaries.

24. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Boundaries  Physical Boundaries: Following physical features in the geographic landscape  Desert boundaries  Most common in Asia and Africa  Mountain boundaries  Andes Mountains between Chile and Argentina  Water boundaries  Especially common in East Africa  Cultural  Geometric boundaries  Straight lines drawn on a map (U.S. and Canada)  Often when land is sparsely settled and geographic understanding is lacking  Human features  Language  European Countries  Religion  Britain partitioned India into 2 states based on religion  Ireland and Northern Ireland  ethnicity  Frontiers:  Historically countries were separated by “frontiers.” A zone where no state exercises complete control, uninhabited or sparsely settled, an actual geographic space as opposed to a boundary which is an imaginary line of demarcation.

25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Mountain Boundary 12 Cultural Boundary

26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 1. Antecedent boundary- Drawn across an area before it is well populated and before most cultural landscape features were put in place (U.S. and Canada) 2. Subsequent boundary – Drawn after the development of the cultural landscape 1. Consequent boundary – Drawn to accommodate existing differences between countries (Ireland and Northern Ireland) 2. Superimposed boundary –Forced, placed over and ignoring existing cultural landscape and patterns (colonialism) 3. Relic Boundary- a former boundary line that no longer functions as such and is still marked by landscape features or differences. (Great Wall of China) Boundaries Classified by Settlement

27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Boundary Disputes  Four Main Types of Disputes  Definitional  Focus on the legal language of the boundary agreement  Median of a river: The river is in an asymmetrical valley and when the water changes so does the median  Positional/Locational  Focus on the demarcation of the boundary  Definition is not in dispute but rather the interpretation  Boundary treaty is vague enough to allow mapmakers to delimit the line  Colonialism in Africa: Great Britain specified its international boundaries with France very clearly, but not the internal boundaries between what would become independent countries  Boundary between Chile and Argentina  Sometimes the dispute arises because no definition of the boundary exists  Saudi Arabia and Yemen  Functional/Operational  Focus on how the boundary should function. Avoided when countries agree on similar policies; conflict when they don’t  Immigration policies  Resource/Allocational  Focus on the allocation of resources  Germany and Netherlands – Natural Gas  Kuwait and Iraq – oil  U.S. and Canada –Fisheries  Boundary Disputes at sea  Water supplies when rivers cross international boundaries

28. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Civil Divisions – Boundaries inside States: Why do they cause problems?  Unitary states  Example: France  Ethnicities demanding more self determinism have brought about restructuring: transfer of authority from national government to local governments  Federal states; Globally, there is a trend toward federations  Example: Poland After control was wrested from the Communists, Poland moved from a unitary state to a federal state with local governments exerting authority Poland is one of many states struggling with new local governments due to lack of experience

29. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Unitary States  Highly centralized government where the capital city serves as a focus of power  A country where the capital is associated with the core, and all power is concentrated in a single place, the capital  Centralized governments, relatively few internal contrasts and a strong sense of national identity, little provincial power Examples: France, China and newly independent states developed out of former colonies

30. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Federal States  A government where the state is organized into territories, which have control over government policies and funds  Power is shared between a central government and the governments of provinces  Acknowledges and gives some powers to its constituent parts; have strong regional government responsibilities  Examples: the US, Canada, Germany, Australia.  One result of federalism s to lesson public support for something as radical as secession (as in Canada)

31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. {  Minnesota’s concealed weapons law requires the posting of signs such as this on buildings that do not allow concealed weapons The U.S. Federal Government- Allows states within the state to determine the “moral” laws such as death penalty, access to alcohol, and concealed weapons

32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Electoral geography and Gerrymandering  Boundaries within the United States are used to create legislative districts  The Political Party in control attempts to redraw boundaries to favor themselves  Gerrymandering  Three types: of votes  Wasted: spreads votes across many districts but in minority  Excess: concentrates opposition supporters into a few districts  Stacked: links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries  Illegal (1985 U.S. Supreme Court decision)

33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. {  Shari’a Laws Legal systems based on traditional Islamic laws Nigeria’s Federal Government- Allows states within the state to determine whether to have Shari’a Laws

34. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  Centripetal Forces: Richard Hartshorne, a leading political geographer described Centripetal forces as things that bind or hold a nation together and promote national unity:  Strong leadership – charismatic leadership  External threat  Education  Ideology-fascism, Communism, or Democracy  Movement or circulation  Centrifugal Forces are things that divide or tear a state apart:  Also called Devolutionary Forces  Ethnic or Cultural differences  Linguistic diversity  Economic diversity  Movement or circulation  Physical Geographical differences Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces

35. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.  The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government  Example: The Soviet Union  What causes devolutionary movements”  Ethnocultural forces  Economic forces  Spatial forces Devolution

36. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnocultural Devolutionary Movements  Eastern Europe  Devolutionary forces since the fall of Communism

37. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

38. People used to think physical-political boundaries were more stable than geometric boundaries. Through many studies of many places, political geographers have confirmed this idea is false. With your partner construct an argument explaining why physical boundaries can create as much instability as geometric boundaries

39. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Political and Military cooperation Economic Cooperation Key Issue 3: Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?

40. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Political and Military Cooperation  Global and regional peacekeeping organizations  The United Nations (est. 1945)  Regional military alliances  Balance of power  A condition of roughly equal strength between opposing alliances (Democracy vs. Communist Bloc)  Post–World War II: NATO or the Warsaw Pact  Other regional organizations  OSEC (est. 1965)  Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe OAS (est. 1962)  AU (est. 1963)  The African Union  The Commonwealth  Includes UK and 52 other states that were once British colonies  Economic cooperation: With the fall of the soviet states balance of power is now economic  The leading super power is not a single state but an Economic union of states. The EU  The main task of the EU is to promote economic development in the member states through cooperation

41. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Economic and Military Alliances in Cold War Europe Figure 8-21

42. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Regional Scale – The European Union

43. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. { Terrorism and Individual Organizations State Support for Terrorism Key Issue 4: Why Has Terrorism Increased?

44. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Terrorism  Systematic use of violence to intimidate a population or to coerce a government  From the Latin word meaning “to frighten”  Use of bombing, kidnapping, hijacking, and murder to instill fear and anxiety in a population

45. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Terrorism by individuals and organizations  American terrorists  Bombing of the Federal building in Oklahoma City (1995)  Political Assassinations as acts of terrorism  Lincoln (1865)  Garfield (1881)  McKinley (1901)  Kennedy (1963)  Terrorism against Americans: Several attacks against Americans took place in the late 20 th Century around the globe, but were largely ignored.  September 11, 2001, attacks against the World Trade Center and Pentagon drew immediate responses  Al-Qaeda: Network of militant Islamists founded by Osama bin Laden  Jihad: a holy war waged by Muslims against people perceived as threatening to the Islamic life

46. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Aftermath of World Trade Center Attack Figure 8-23

47. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. State support for terrorism  Three increasing levels of involvement  Providing sanctuary  Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence to terrorists  Using terrorists to plan attacks  Examples  Libya  For many years under the leadership of Muammar el Qaddafi who sanctioned terrorist activity against a variety of Western Powers  Iraq  The country is divided into 150 ethnic tribes, some of them working together, most of them working against each other and vying for control  Afghanistan  For years the state was controlled by the Taliban, an Islamic group imposing strict fundamentalist rule over the country.  Iran  After the overthrowing of the Shah of Iran, Ayatollah Ruholiah Khomeini, a fundamentalist Islamic Shite, stepped in and imposed a strict theocracy in the country that had been previously moving toward a democratic model of government  Pakistan  Pakistan is a multiethnic state with a predominately Muslim population

48. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Ethnic Groups in Southwest Asia Figure 8-25

49. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Major Tribes in Iraq Figure 8-26

50. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The End. Up next: Development