1. Chapter 11 Feeding the World

2. Food Production Major food sources: croplands, rangelands, and oceans Large increase in food production since 1950 Need for environmental-friendly food production Impact of genetic engineering Primary crops: wheat, corn, and rice Primary meat sources: fish, chicken, pigs, and cattle

3. Nutrition Undernutrition Malnutrition Overnutrition

4. Soil Components

5. Five soil forming factors 1)Parent material : Rocks 2)Climate : Precipitation, Temperature changes 3)Organisms : Bacterial and fungal colonies, worms, rodents 4)Topography : Slope, Landscape position 5)Time : How long climate has been altering parent material geologic time

6. An E horizon can develop in this area. Bedrock can lie below the C horizon. In this position, the bedrock is called an R horizon.

7. Texture Texture is often the first characteristic soil scientists determine. It is the relative proportion of sand, silt, & clay sized particles in the fine earth fraction of a soil horizon. The fine earth fraction is all of the individual particles that are smaller than 2mm in diameter. Everything larger than sand is excluded... 2mm sand particle magnified 133x Silt Particle Clay particle

9. Industrial Agriculture 80% of the world’s food the Green Revolution

10. Food Production in the Green Revolution Develop plant monocultures High yields with fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation Multiple cropping High fossil fuel needs

11. Traditional Subsistence Agriculture 20% of the world’s food, 75% of the World’s cultivated land utilizes: intercropping, polycultures, crop rotation human and animal labor

12. Shifting Agriculture Slash and burn – major contributing factor to tropical deforestation

13. Fig. 10-10, p. 213 Areas of serious concern Areas of some concern Stable or nonvegetative areas Global Soil Erosion

14. ModerateSevereVery Severe Fig. 10-11, p. 214 World Desertification

15. Fig. 10-12, p. 215 Consequences Causes Worsening drought Famine Economic losses Lower living standards Environmental refugees Overgrazing Deforestation Erosion Salinization Soil compaction Natural climate change Causes and Consequences of Desertification

16. Fig. 10-13, p. 215 Evaporation Transpiration Evaporation Waterlogging Less permeable clay layer Salinization and Waterlogging in Soils

17. Salinization from Heavy Irrigation Fig. 10-14, p. 215

18. Organic Fertilizers Animal manure Green manure Compost

20. Conservation Tillage – No-Till Agriculture o Reduces soil erosion o Slows the decomposition or organic matter  Usually requires increased herbicide use

21. Terracing Fig. 10-16a, p. 217

22. Fig. 10-16b, p. 217 Contour Planting and Strip Cropping

23. Windbreaks Fig. 10-16d, p. 217

24. World Grain Production Fig. 10-17, p. 218

25. Major Environmental Effects of Food Production Fig. 10-18a,p. 220

26. Producing More Food

27. traditional crossbreeding genetic engineering

28. Projected Disadvantages Need less fertilizer Need less water More resistant to insects, plant disease, frost, and drought Faster growth Can grow in slightly salty soils Less spoilage Better flavor Less use of conventional pesticides Tolerate higher levels of pesticide use Higher yields Projected Advantages Trade-Offs Genetically Modified Food and Crops Irreversible and unpredictable genetic and ecological effects Harmful toxins in food From possible plant cell Mutations New allergens in food Lower nutrition Increased evolution of Pesticide-resistant Insects and plant disease Creation of herbicide- Resistant weeds Harm beneficial insects Lower genetic diversity Fig. 10-19, p. 221 Tradeoffs of Genetically Modified Foods

29. More Meat! CAFO’s puts pressure on the worlds grain supply overgrazing methane (global warming) water pollution

30. Kilograms of grain needed per kilogram of body weight Beef cattle Pigs Chicken Fish (catfish or carp) 7 4 2.2 2 Fig. 10-21, p. 224 Efficiency of Converting Grain into Animal Protein

31. Fishery- a commercially harvestable population of fish within a particular ecological region. Fishery collapse- the decline of a fish population by 90% or more. Bycatch- unintentional catch of non-target species. Harvesting of Fish and Shellfish

32. Fig. 10-22, p. 225 Spotter airplane Fish farming in cage Trawler fishing Purse-seine fishing sonar trawl flap trawl lines trawl bag Long line fishing lines with hooks Drift-net fishing fish caught by gills float buoy fish school Fishing Methods

33. Fig. 10-23a, p. 225 Fish Catch

34. Aquaculture Species shrimp shellfish salmon trout tilapia

35. Tradeoffs of Aquaculture Advantages High Yield Profitable Takes stress off conventional fisheries Disadvantages Water pollution Loss of mangrove habitat Some quality issues

36. Protecting Food Supplies Pest Management

37. The Case For Pesticides

38. The Case Against Pesticides

39. Integrated Pest Management Ecological thinking Reducing pest damage to an “economically tolerable” level Changing cultivation practices Utilizing biological control Using selective pesticides as a last resort