1. Middle East Zone Free Of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction. Ambassador Dr. Sameh Aboul-Enein Permanent Representative of the League of Arab States to the United Nations in Geneva Adjunct Professor of International Security and Disarmament Wilton Park : November 2015

2. 2 I. Introduction Let me begin by extending my thanks and deep appreciation for inviting me to speak in my personal and academic capacities. This presentation will address the following: first, the security dynamics in a politically changing region, and the available guidelines and technical provisions needed for a treaty-based Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass-Destruction in the Middle East.

3. 3 II. Security Dynamics in a Politically-Changing Region The political transition in the region has undoubtedly changed fundamental dynamics in the Middle East, with significant implications for the political and security settings of the region. Public opinion increasingly plays a more prominent role in Arab societies and, in this respect, will have a fundamental role in the formulation of disarmament and security policies. Nuclear issues remain to receive considerable attention. Such dynamics may bring greater pressure to bear on progress on the subject of the zone and may serve as positive game-changers in broader disarmament and non- proliferation discussions.

4. Given the current democratic changes and process, parliaments— particularly through their committees on foreign affairs, Arab affairs and national security— are expected to play a more prominent role in foreign policy issues. As recently witnessed, the flow of masses in the streets, along with their participation in the elections, is a sign of their desire for deeper engagement in the policymaking and security concerns in the Middle East 4

5. ` YearEvent 1974The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) approves resolution endorsing the goal of establishing a NWFZ in the Middle East following a proposal by Iran and Egypt. 1980Israel joins international consensus allowing the General Assembly to pass a resolution supporting the goal of NWFZ without a vote 1990The Egyptian proposal to establish an expanded WMDFZ in the Middle East is first submitted before the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva. 1991The IAEA General Conference passes resolution on “the Application of IAEA safeguards in the Middle” as a necessary step towards the establishment of a NWFZ in the region. The resolution has since been passed annually without objections. 1995The NPT Review Conference adopts a Resolution on the Middle East calling on states to take practical steps to make progress in the establishment of WMDFZ in the region. Member agreement on resolution was seen as key to securing the indefinite extension of the NPT. 2000The NPT Review conference reaffirms the goal of 1995 Middle East Resolution and says that the resolution remains “valid until its goals and objectives are achieved.” 2010The NPT Review Conference endorses five practical steps to make progress towards the goal of establishing a WMDFZ in the Middle East. Action steps adopted include convening a regional conference to discuss the issue in 2012 and appointing a WMDFZ Facilitator. 2012The Convening States and the Facilitator declare the postponement of the 2012 Conference 2013Egypt announces during the 68th session of the UN General Assembly, an initiative to free the Middle East from nuclear and all other weapons of mass destruction. 2015Failure of the NPT review Conference 5 Middle East Zone Free Of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction

6. 6 1- The United Nations (UN) guidelines and principles for the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free-zones are another important reference for future zones that should be thoroughly utilized. Provisions include references to the following: A NWFZ will help strengthen the security of States parties to such zones and will serve as an important disarmament tool that contributes to the primary objective of strengthening regional peace and security and, by extension, international peace and security; The obligations of all the States parties to a zone treaty should be clearly defined and legally binding, and the States parties should fully abide by such agreements A NWFZ should not prevent the use of nuclear science and technology for peaceful purposes and may promote, if provided for in the treaties establishing such zones, bilateral, regional and international cooperation for the peaceful use of nuclear energy in the zone in support of socio-economic, scientific, and technological development of the States parties; III. Available Guidelines for a“Middle East Free Zone”

7. It can also be considered an important regional confidence-building measure that reaffirms the commitment of the States that belong to the zone to honor their legal obligations to other international nonproliferation and disarmament instruments to which they are parties; The nuclear-weapon-states (NWS) are to be consulted during the negotiations of each treaty, including the negotiation of relevant protocol(s) establishing a NWFZ, in order to facilitate the signature and ratification of the treaty; 7

8. 8 2- The Pelindaba Treaty: we need to take stock of previous successes & experiences. The Pelindapa treaty is a recent example that contains the following provisions: The Treaty prohibits the research, development, manufacture, stockpiling, acquisition, testing, possession, control, or stationing of nuclear explosive devices in the territory of parties to the Treaty and the dumping of radioactive wastes in the African zone by Treaty parties; To allow for the verification of its nuclear non-proliferation undertaking, the Treaty requires parties to conclude comprehensive safeguards agreements with the IAEA equivalent to the agreements required in connection with NPT; The Treaty provides for verification and compliance mechanisms, including the African Commission on Nuclear Energy (AFCONE), which serves as a compliance mechanism and encourages regional and sub-regional programs for cooperation on the peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology; The Treaty also prohibits any attacks against nuclear installations in the zone by Treaty parties and requires them to maintain the highest standards of physical protection of nuclear material, facilities and equipment, which are to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes; The establishment of AFCONE encourages African states to take responsibility for natural resources and, in particular, nuclear material, and protects against the dumping of toxic waste.

9. 9 3- The IAEA Forum The IAEA convened a forum on “Experience of Possible Relevance to the Creation of a Nuclear Weapon Free Zone in the Middle East,” in Vienna, in November 2011. Forum attendees presented several constructive proposals that should be taken into consideration, including suggestions to: Consider the lessons and context of other regions prior to the establishment of a NWFZs; Review existing, multilateral principles for establishing such zones, and review the relevant theory and practice of establishing the five existing NWFZs; Discuss the experience of the five NWFZs in setting up and implementing such zones;

10. 10 IV. Technical Provisions for A Treaty-Based Zone Along with the development of the Zone process, the following technical provisions are necessary to develop a treaty-based zone: 1. Dismantling and destroying existing or remaining nuclear weapons capabilities, facilities, and devices under international verification mechanisms; 2. Renouncing nuclear weapons through refraining from conducting indigenous development and activities related to nuclear weapons; 3. Prohibiting the transit or stationing of any nuclear explosive devices in the zone; 1. Using nuclear materials and facilities for peaceful purposes only; 2. Placing all nuclear facilities under comprehensive IAEA safeguards; 3. Establishing the necessary relevant institutions and mechanisms or entities to uphold a zone, free of nuclear and other WMDs; 4. Addressing the issue of verification, including identifying the role of the IAEA and other relevant organizations such as the OPCW and CTBTO.

11. 11 V. Concluding Remarks 1- Think Tanks: Regional think tanks need to be better equipped, to provide and stimulate considered critical contribution and analysis on the challenges and opportunities present in developing a regional zonal framework. A key role for this community would be to draw out the appropriate lessons from other established WMD-free zones, as well as nuclear frameworks such as Euratom and ABACC.

12. 2- Technical Analysis: There is a need to address technical analysis of existing treaties – their terms of reference and definitions; cooperation mechanisms, compliance, enforcement and monitoring methods; and their mediation structures. Opportunities may exist to develop networks and platforms for the exchange of perspectives and ideas across the region. 12

13. 13 3- Training and Education: More comprehensive and widespread training and education programs are needed, focusing specifically on scientific universities, ministries, business and relevant government agencies. Such practices would bolster regional capacity to the necessary level to address zonal issues. Universities will need to be better equipped to offer degrees on specialized subjects and hands-on experience.

14. 4- Capacity Building Several layers of technical expertise will be required both to write and establish a technically watertight zonal treaty, and to run, manage, maintain and protect it once it is in place. This will require knowledge of verification, monitoring and inspection; an understanding of where joint ventures might be possible, and what technologies might be associated with them; More efforts should be exerted to capacity to establish, protect and maintain peaceful nuclear energy programs; and expertise in the safe and effective dismantlement of the weapons programs that currently exist. At present, such personnel and skills are largely absent through much of the Middle East region. 5- 1995 ME NPT Resolution remains the basis of future work to establish the zone. The UNSG & UN role remains central in any future process

15. 6-Frequently Asked Question and Policy Formulation: There are some important issues that should need to be technically addressed in the context of the zone, these include: Which institutions will be entrusted with the responsibility of the zone? What would be the implications of non-compliance? How can security guarantees be given to reinforce the process of the zone’s establishment? What role will the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, as well as nuclear safety and security play in future zone discussions? 15

16. Annex I: 2015 NPT Review Conference Document on the Middle East Zone Free of Nuclear Weapons and other Weapons of Mass Destruction Resolution on the Middle East: The Conference of the Parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Reaffirming the purpose and provisions of the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, Recognizing that, pursuant to article VII of the Treaty, the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones contributes to strengthening the international non-proliferation regime, Recalling that the Security Council, in its statement of 31 January 1992,a affirmed that the proliferation of nuclear and all other weapons of mass destruction constituted a threat to international peace and security, Recalling also General Assembly resolutions adopted by consensus supporting the establishment of a nuclear-weapon-free zone in the Middle East, the latest of which is resolution 49/71 of 15 December 1994, 16

17. Recalling further the relevant resolutions adopted by the General Conference of the International Atomic Energy Agency concerning the application of Agency safeguards in the Middle East, the latest of which is GC(XXXVIII)/RES/21 of 23 September 1994, and noting the danger of nuclear proliferation, especially in areas of tension, Bearing in mind Security Council resolution 687 (1991) and in particular paragraph 14 thereof, 17

18. Noting Security Council resolution 984 (1995) and paragraph 8 of the decision on principles and objectives for nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament adopted by the Conference on 11 May 1995, Bearing in mind the other decisions adopted by the Conference on 11 May 1995, 1. Endorses the aims and objectives of the Middle East peace process and recognizes that efforts in this regard, as well as other efforts, contribute to, inter alia, a Middle East zone free of nuclear weapons as well as other weapons of mass destruction; 2. Notes with satisfaction that, in its report (NPT/CONF.1995/MC.III/1), Main Committee III of the Conference recommended that the Conference “call on those remaining States not parties to the Treaty to accede to it, thereby accepting an international legally binding commitment not to acquire nuclear weapons or nuclear explosive devices and to accept International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards on all their nuclear activities”; 18

19. 3. Notes with concern the continued existence in the Middle East of unsafeguarded nuclear facilities, and reaffirms in this connection the recommendation contained in section VI, paragraph 3, of the report of Main Committee III urging those non-parties to the Treaty on the Non- Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons that operate unsafeguarded nuclear facilities to accept full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards; 4. Reaffirms the importance of the early realization of universal adherence to the Treaty, and calls upon all States of the Middle East that have not yet done so, without exception, to accede to the Treaty as soon as possible and to place their nuclear facilities under full-scope International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards; 5. Calls upon all States in the Middle East to take practical steps in appropriate forums aimed at making progress towards, inter alia, the establishment of an effectively verifiable Middle East zone free of weapons of mass destruction, nuclear, chemical and biological, and their delivery systems, and to refrain from taking any measures that preclude the achievement of this objective; 19

20. 6. Calls upon all States parties to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, and in particular the nuclear-weapon States, to extend their cooperation and to exert their utmost efforts with a view to ensuring the early establishment by regional parties of a Middle East zone free of nuclear and all other weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems. (NPT Review Conference Outcome Document on Middle East Nuclear and Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone, 2015) 20

21. Annex II: League of Arab States LAS was very keen to engage with other countries in the region, with the right terms of reference, as stipulated in the Arab ministerial meeting last January that called for what the Arab world believes as justified and equitable requirements that abide by the mandates both stipulated and adopted freely in the final document of the 2010 NPT review conference, and as adequately stated in the prerequisite guidelines for attending the proposed "Extended Consultations" in the Arab Ministerial Resolution 7580 on January 2013 which stipulated the following: Any participation in “Extended consultations” will be according to the agreed terms of reference in the Action plan for the Middle East contained in the 2010 NPT final document, including the 1995 resolution on the Middle East which is the mandate for the 2012 ME conference. The importance of the establishment of a set date for the conference. Holding the consultations under the auspices of the United Nations and with a set agenda. 21

22. Those countries that formally announce their participation in the conference are the ones to attend the consultations. Emphasized that the postponement of the 2012 conference on the establishment of a Middle East Zone free of Nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction constitutes a breach of the obligations of the organizers of the conference before the international community towards the implementation of the 1995 resolution on the Middle East, and the implementation of the 2010 NPT review conference final document. 22

23. 23 Annex III: Egypt and the Middle East Zone free of Nuclear Weapons and Weapons of Mass Destruction In Egypt’s statement to the United Nations General Assembly in September 2013, it announced the following initiative (3 steps) to activate international and regional efforts aiming to establish the zone free of nuclear weapons and all other weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East: FIRST STEP: Request all countries in the Middle East, as well as the five permanent members of the Security Council, to deposit official letters to the Secretary General of the United Nations, confirming their support for declaring the Middle East a region free of weapons of mass destruction, including nuclear, chemical and biological weapons.

24. 24 SECOND STEP: Countries of the region that have not signed, or ratified, any of the international conventions on weapons of mass destruction, should commit, before the end of this year, to simultaneously sign and ratify the relevant conventions. They should also deposit an instrument to that effect to the Security Council; This would translate into the following: That Israel accedes to the Non-Proliferation Treaty as a non-nuclear state, ratifies the Chemical Weapons Convention, and signs and ratifies the Biological Weapons Convention. That Syria ratifies the Biological Weapons Convention, and takes the remaining steps it had pledged in relation to the Chemical Weapons Convention. That Egypt ratifies the Biological Weapons Convention, and signs and ratifies the Chemical Weapons Convention, provided that all countries of the Middle East complete accession measures to the international conventions prohibiting weapons of mass destruction, and the relevant arrangements.

25. THIRD STEP: Accelerate international efforts to ensure that the delayed 2012 Conference to establish a Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone in the Middle East is swiftly held, preferably before the end of this year, or by Spring 2014 at the latest. The Secretary General, the three depositary countries of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, as well as the facilitator should further intensify their efforts so that the conference is held within the above timeframe. 25

26. For further readings and publications, please check: http://www.gcsp.ch/About-Us-Qui-sommes-nous/Associate- Visiting-Fellows/Ambassador-Dr-Sameh-ABOUL-ENEIN

27. 27 Thank You