1. Introduction to Computer INSTRUCTOR ADEEL ANJUM

2. What is Data?  Data  Data is a plural word and its singular form is datum  ‘Datum’ is a Latin word meaning “something given”  Numbers, characters, symbols, images etc., which can be processed by computer  Data is a collection of facts made up of text, numbers and dates: Murray 35000 7/18/86  Any raw collection of facts and figures which is not meaningful to the user is called data

3. Types of Data  There are three types of data to be entered in the computer:  Alphabetic Data: Capital letters from A-Z, and small letters from a-z.  Numeric Data: Decimal numbers from 0-9, decimal point notations.  Alphanumeric Data: Alphabetic, numeric and special characters/symbols.

4. What is Information?  Information  Information is interpreted data  Information is the meaning given to data in the way it is interpreted, e.g. Mr. Murray is a sales person whose annual salary i$35,000 and whose hire date is July 18, 1986 Mr. Murray is a sales person whose annual salary i$35,000 and whose hire date is July 18, 1986  Processed or meaningful form of data is called information, like "Farhan, 40" are two data items, but "Farhan is now 40 years old" is an information

5. Electronic Data Processing  Raw data is transformed into information by processing it  Data Processing is a series of steps, actions or operations that converts data into meaningful information, or input into output  This can be accomplished by using machines, labor and procedures  When the data entered in the computer is manipulated, formulated,sorted and passed through mathematical or statistical formulas, so it is known as Electronic Data Processing

6. Functions of Electronic Data Processing  All data processing, whether done by hand or by the latest computer system, consists of three basic activities: Capturing the input data Capturing the input data Manipulating the data Manipulating the data Managing the output results Managing the output results InputOutput Processing

7. Conventional Data Processing  The conventional data processing system is the manual method of transforming data into information  The human beings themselves collect data, classify and arrange according to the items of the data, perform manual calculations and hence produce the required output result  Because of this processing method, the system is also termed as Manual Data Processing System  Example is Type Writer machine

8. Elements of an Electronic Data Processing System  There are four basic elements of an EDP system, these are: Hardware Hardware The physical components of a computer is called hardware Software Software The term software refers to the computer programs, routines and packages required to utilize and control the operation of the computer Procedure Procedure Procedure is a set of pre-planned steps and policies which the computer system adopts in order to perform a specific task Personnel Personnel The individuals who work in an environment basically related to computers are known as computer personnel

9. Information Technology  Information technology is the use of modern technology to aid in storage, processing, analysis and communication of information.  We can simply define that the information about any technology is called information technology.  Information technology means the use of the hardware, software, services, and supporting infrastructure to manage and deliver information using voice, data and video.

10. Definition of a Computer  The word computer is derived from the word compute which means to calculate something  With this meaning a computer is considered to be a calculating device that performs the arithmetic operations at enormous speed  Now-a-days computer is not just the calculating device but it can perform many operations, so we can define as: “Computer is an electronic device that processes data, converting it into information that is useful to people”.

11. Characteristics of Computer  Speed A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds the amount of work that a human can do in a day A computer is a very fast device. It can perform in a few seconds the amount of work that a human can do in a day  Accuracy  Every task is performed by computer with same accuracy. Errors may occur in computer due to human  Diligence  Human beings get bored from work on the same thing for a long time and also tired. But the case is not same with computers, a computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration

12. Characteristics of Computer (Cont..)  Versatility  A computer is capable of performing almost any task. It just requires the particular software to perform that task  Power of remembering  A computer can store and recall even after several years any amount of information because of its storage capability  No feelings  Computers are devoid of emotions. They have no feelings  I.Q  A human think with their mind that what is right for them and what is not. While a machine has no I.Q. But programmers are trying to make computer an intelligent machine.

13. Brief History of Computer  Computers did not suddenly arrive on the scene  The research on the computer technology is a process of hundreds of years and is still in progress  The latest computer is the result of several minds combined to give us the magic of sense  The history of computer development is often referred to in reference to the different generations of computing devices  Each generation of computer is characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate

14. Brief History of Computer (Cont..)  There are five generations of computers 1. First Generation (1940-1956) 2. Second Generation (1956-1963) 3. Third Generation (1964-1971) 4. Fourth Generation (1971-Present) 5. Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond)

15. 1. First Generation (1940-1956) In this generation of computer vacuum tube was used for circuitry In this generation of computer vacuum tube was used for circuitry These computers were very large in size, taking up entire rooms These computers were very large in size, taking up entire rooms They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat First generation computers relied on machine language First generation computers relied on machine language The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator) computers are examples of first-generation computing devices The UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) and ENIAC (Electronic Numeric Integrated and Calculator) computers are examples of first-generation computing devices Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

16. Vacuum Tubes in First Generation

17. ENIAC Computer

18. UNIVAC Computer

19. 2.Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers The transistor was invented by Bardeen in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s The transistor was invented by Bardeen in 1947 but did not see widespread use in computers until the late 50s Through the use of transistors the second generation computers were much faster and more reliable than the first generation of computers Through the use of transistors the second generation computers were much faster and more reliable than the first generation of computers Second-generation computers moved from machine language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words Second-generation computers moved from machine language to symbolic, or assembly languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

20. Transistors First Transistor

21. IBM-7094 Computer

22. 3.Third Generation (1964-1971) The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computersintegrated circuitintegrated circuit An Integrated Circuit (IC) or a chip is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material (transistor) An Integrated Circuit (IC) or a chip is a small electronic device made out of a semiconductor material (transistor) The earliest ICs used a technology called SSI (Small Scale Integration contain up to 100 transistors) and MSI (Medium Scale Integration contain 100-3000 transistors) The earliest ICs used a technology called SSI (Small Scale Integration contain up to 100 transistors) and MSI (Medium Scale Integration contain 100-3000 transistors) The third generation computers were smaller, more efficient and more reliable than their predecessor were The third generation computers were smaller, more efficient and more reliable than their predecessor were Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

23. Integrated Circuit

24. IBM-360 Third Generation Computer

25. 4.Fourth Generation (1971-Present) The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chipmicroprocessor What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chip LSI (large-scale integration): From 3,000 to 100,000 electronic components per chip During this the first microprocessor the Intel 4004 was developed and was followed by VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration contain 100,000 to 1,000,000) During this the first microprocessor the Intel 4004 was developed and was followed by VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration contain 100,000 to 1,000,000) ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic components per chip ULSI (ultra large-scale integration): More than 1 million electronic components per chip Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

26. First Microprocessor Intel 4004

27. Fourth Generation First PC

28. 5.Fifth Generation (Present-Beyond) Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today, Expert System, Robots etc. Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today, Expert System, Robots etc.artificial intelligencevoice recognitionartificial intelligencevoice recognition The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organizationnatural languagenatural language Brief History of Computer (Cont..)

29. Intelligence Intelligence the ability to learn and understand. the ability to learn and understand. Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science. is the branch of computer science. AI AI is the study how to make computer to do things more and more better than human. Expert system Expert system is an intelligent computer program which consists of some knowledge about particular field, then using this knowledge,it provide the answer to those people who don’t have any access to the experts in that particular field. is an intelligent computer program which consists of some knowledge about particular field, then using this knowledge,it provide the answer to those people who don’t have any access to the experts in that particular field.

30. Types of Computer  There are three basic types of computer according to working mechanism Analog Computer Analog Computer Digital Computer Digital Computer Hybrid Computer Hybrid Computer

31. 1. Analog Computer Analog computer is used to process analog data Analog computer is used to process analog data Analog data is a continuous and having an infinite variety of values Analog data is a continuous and having an infinite variety of values Such type of data include temperature, pressure, speed, weight, voltage, depth etc. Such type of data include temperature, pressure, speed, weight, voltage, depth etc. Examples of analog computer are Speedometer of car, Thermometer etc. Examples of analog computer are Speedometer of car, Thermometer etc. Analog computers are faster Analog computers are faster Types of Computer (Cont..)

32. 2. Digital Computer A digital computer as its name implies works with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbols A digital computer as its name implies works with digits to represent numerals, letters or other special symbols A digital computer process digital data A digital computer process digital data Digital data is a discrete data and having only two possible values (0, 1) Digital data is a discrete data and having only two possible values (0, 1) Digital computer provide accurate results but they are slower than analog computer Digital computer provide accurate results but they are slower than analog computer Analog computers lack memory whereas digital computers store information Analog computers lack memory whereas digital computers store information Types of Computer (Cont..)

33. 3.Hybrid Computer A hybrid computer is a combination of digital and analog computers A hybrid computer is a combination of digital and analog computers And it combines the best features of both types of computers And it combines the best features of both types of computers For example a petrol pump contains a processor that converts fuel flow measurement into quantity and price For example a petrol pump contains a processor that converts fuel flow measurement into quantity and price Hybrid computer is used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient Hybrid computer is used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient Hybrid Computers are also used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes Hybrid Computers are also used in scientific applications or in controlling industrial processes Types of Computer (Cont..)