1. 1 Seafarers Development International Research Centre, Dalian Maritime University, China Zhiwei Zhao 12 ; Jorgen Riis Jepsen 2 ; Zhonglong Chen 1 ; Wessel van Leeuwen 3 Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry 2 Centre of Maritime Health and Society, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark 3 Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden

2. Introduction Result Method Background Conclusion Content Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

3. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Result Conclusion Increasing concern with seafarer fatigue Concern with seafarer fatigue is widely evident among maritime regulators, insurers, ship owners, trade unions and welfare agencies. Maritime regulators, ship owners and trade unions alike become increasingly aware that working conditions at sea almost certainly generate fatigue in crew members. Potentially serious consequences Seafarer fatigue may result in serious consequences both for the individual in terms of reduced performance and poor health, and for the environment, if accidents occur as a result of lowered alertness. Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

4. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name MARTHA project The new project MARTHA continues the research into the effects of work and rest schedules of seafarers and looks at fatigue in terms of voyage cycles, crew composition, watch-keeping patterns and more general environmental factors. Background Introduction Method Result Conclusion Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

5. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Result Conclusion Potential consequences Accidents injuries Poorer performance Ill heath fatigue ……… Disability Sick leave Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

6. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Result Conclusion Study Aims  Optimize the legal framework internationally and nationally  Promote safe and healthy sleep patterns in merchant shipping  Reduce the incidence and effects of fatigue, and the risk of injuries and accidents  Increase the safety and efficiency of marine operations in general  Protect environment from potentially harmful incidents occurring as a result of fatigue Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

7. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Result Conclusion Questionnaire and Interviews Seven sections: DEMOGRAPHICS ， JOB/VESSEL ， HOURS OF WORK AND REST ， FATIGUE AT SEA ， ABOUT THE WORK ， SLEEP PATTERNS & HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIOURS ， TRAVEL TO AND FROM THE VESSEL Objectives: Explore (1)long-term fatigue and related factors; (2)how organisational practices and individual factors influence fatigue; (3)what methods should be applied for preventing and managing seafarers’ fatigue; (4)what are the effect of applying different strategies. Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

8. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Result Conclusion Questionnaire and Interviews Interviews and questionnaires conducted in : Two companies in Europe 5 + 9 interviews 314 + 140 questionnaires Two companies in China 20 + 17 interviews 230 + 253 questionnaires Total = 937 questionnaires / 51 in-depth interviews Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

9. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Result Conclusion Analysis Method  Indexes indicating tiredness at work, sleep quality and distress at work were constructed by using scale reliability (Cronbach’ɑ>0.8) and weighted mean.  Strata were compared by application of a T-test.  Qualitative analysis are also employed to explore the impacts of fatigue on seafarer’s occupational health and safety. Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

10. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Conclusion Chinese seafarers(Mean) European seafarers(Mean) Contract work hours(weekly) 56.93 (n=294,SD=9.42, S.E=0.55) 58.57 (n=341,SD=14.05, S.E=0.76) Actual work hours(weekly) 60.40 (n=283,SD=10.58, S.E=0.63) 63.58 (n=382,SD=14.11, S.E=0.72) Chinese seafarersEuropean seafarers p<0.001 Mean difference-3.73-4.14 95%C.I of Mean difference(-4.80, -2.66) (-5.31 ， 2.96) Cohen's d-0.41-0.29 95%C.I of Cohen's d(-0.58, -0.24) (-0.44 ， -0.14) Differences between contract work hours and actual work hours Result Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

11. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Conclusion Chinese seafarersEuropean seafarers p<0.001=0.05 Mean difference-0.680.28 95%C.I of Mean difference(-0.80, -0.56) (0.09 ， 0.48) Cohen's d-0.510.16 95%C.I of Cohen's d(-0.64, -0.37) (0.03 ， 0.29) Chinese seafarers(Mean) European seafarers(Mean) Officers(Mean)Ratings(Mean) Actual sleep 8.06 (n=444,SD=1.61, S.E=0.07) 8.06 (n=441,SD=1.94, S.E=0.09) 7.82 (n=484,SD=1.76, S.E=0.08) 8.38 (n=365,SD=1.78, S.E=0.09) Ideal sleep 8.68 (n=457,SD=1.22, S.E=0.06) 7.76 (n=442,SD=1.52, S.E=0.07) 8.13 (n=490,SD=1.42, S.E=0.06) 8.36 (n=373,SD=1.50, S.E=0.08) Differences between actual sleep and ideal sleep Result Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

12. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Conclusion Chinese vs European p<0.001 Mean difference-0.92 95%C.I of Mean difference(-1.10, -0.74) Cohen's d-0.67 95%C.I of Cohen's d(-0.80, -0.53) Chinese seafarers(Mean) European seafarers(Mean) Ideal sleep 8.68 (n=457,SD=1.22, S.E=0.06) 7.76 (n=442,SD=1.52, S.E=0.07) Differences between Chinese seafarers and European seafarers(Ideal sleep) Result Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

13. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Conclusion Chinese seafarers(Mean) European seafarers(Mean) Officers(Mean)Ratings(Mean) Sleep quality 1.24 (n=472,SD=0.59, S.E=0.03) 0.86 (n=452,SD=0.47, S.E=0.02) 1.16 (n=501,SD=0.56, S.E=0.03) 0.93 (n=386,SD=0.55, S.E=0.03) Distress at work 1.39 (n=420,SD=0.81,S. E=0.04) 0.73 (n=424,SD=0.61, S.E=0.03) 1.21 (n=475,SD=0.79, S.E=0.04) 0.87 (n=342,SD=0.74, S.E=0.04) Tiredness at work 2.17 (n=449,SD=0.91, S.E=0.04) 1.71 (n=431,SD=0.82, S.E=0.04) 2.09 (n=472,SD=0.87, S.E=0.04) 1.78 (n=374,SD=0.89, S.E=0.05) Sleep qualityDistressTiredness p<0.001 Mean difference-0.38-0.67-0.46 95%C.I of Mean difference(-0.45, -0.31) (-0.76 ， -0.57) (-0.58,-0.35) Cohen's d-0.71-0.94-0.54 95%C.I of Cohen's d(-0.84, -0.58) (-1.10 ， -0.79) (-0.68,-0.41) Differences between Chinese seafarers and European seafarers Result Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

14. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Conclusion Health effects of fatigue - physical fatigue Result Muscle fatigue, body aches, feeling uncomfortable or weak in extremities following intensive work or sustained posture. ‘Like me, if l stand in the same posture for a long time, l feel slightly that l am unable to walk any further. Although I am young, I have had such problems. Sometimes I felt particularly uncomfortable and one of my feet can not touch the floor. Once it touched the ground, the other foot would quickly take over. This is caused by long-time standing I guess.’ (sailor from company 3) The engineering seafarers also mentioned the problem of heat related disorders in hot weather under intensive physical work. Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

15. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Conclusion Health effects of fatigue - mental fatigue Result Being fretful, irritable, unsatisfied, easy to break out into strife with somebody else ‘When I am tired, I feel fretful, taking extreme views. I think even a good-tempered guy is easy to have conflict with others when he is fatigue’ (3 rd engineer from company 2) Slow response, poor concentration and sleepiness ‘the symptom of fatigue for me is tiredness and slow response. When somebody told me something, I nodded. One minute later, I forgot. When I was reminded, oh, yes, I forgot …’ (2 officer from company 1) Insomnia and homesick These problems turn more serious when seafarers are fatigued. Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

16. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Conclusion Effects of fatigue on safety Result  Personal safety aspect – injuries ‘When cleaning the holds, sometimes it has to work on the higher levels and needs to climb up a ladder. It happened that some seafarers who were very tired fell and hurt all over, with rib and skull bones facture. Some sailors had their hands cut off when operating the grinding machine. And some died. Actually, when they were very tired, they can concentrate on nothing at that moment…’ (chief officer from company 3) … ‘bruises’ and ‘head traumas’… Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

17. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Introduction Method Conclusion Effects of fatigue on safety Result  Navigation Safety – maritime disasters ‘[I heard that ]while the ship was sailing ahead, the officer felt so tired that although he did not fall asleep, he had already lost his consciousness and forgot to alter course. The shallow water area was just around the corner and the ship was stranded…’ (3 rd officer from company 3) ‘Due to the typhoon on that day, other ships all stopped. But our captain insisted on sailing. We were very tired at that time actually. Sea water poured into the engine room, but nobody noticed that. When it was noticed, it was too late to take any actions. The ship sank. Fortunately nobody died.’ (sailor from company 4) … ‘environmental pollution’, ‘machinery damage’, and ‘fires onboard’ … Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

18. Type your company’s name Type the report’s nameType your reporting’s name Background Method Result Conclusion Introduction Suboptimal work and sleep patterns in global seafaring. Work hours and sleep are the factors related to seafarers’ fatigue. Current management of fatigue risks is inadequate and seafarers’ health and safety are negatively influenced by fatigue. The shipping industry should do more for its seafarers to have a healthier and safer working environment. Conclusion Work fatigue and occupational health of seafarers – case studies in European and Chinese shipping industry

19. Thank you for your attention ！