1. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Course: BMQ (P Res)
EO: b
Rank/Name:
IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Explosive Hazards
Improvised Explosive Devices
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance
Mines
Time:
References:
B-GL /FP-001, B-GL /FP-001,
B-GL /FP-001, B-GL /PT-001,
B-GL /TS-000, B-GJ /FP-004 

2. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Introduction
Since the First World War, mines, unexploded explosive ordnance and improvised explosive devices have become a major threat to military forces. In order to combat the growing threat, knowledge about these devices and how to deal with them will be of great help in reducing the risk of their causing injury and death.

3. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Explosive Hazards
Improvised Explosive Devices
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance
Mines TP

4. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
Definition:
A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from non-military components (definition from NATO ).

5. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
Knowledge of the components, methods of initiation and general types of IED construction and delivery will aid in recognizing potential IEDs in a theatre of operation.
IEDs can vary widely in shape and form. An IED typically consists of five primary components. However, depending on the device construction, not all five components are essential:

6. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
Fuse and Firing Mechanism. The fuse causes the device to function. It could be as simple as a pull wire or pressure plate or as sophisticated as an electronic command initiated system.
Detonator. A detonator is a device containing a sensitive explosive intended to produce a detonation wave. Detonators can be civilian commercial, military specification or improvised.

7. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
A main charge or explosive fill. The most common explosives currently in use are military ordnance. If an explosive is too sensitive, it may detonate unexpectedly, and so the most practical explosive compound is one that is safe to handle, and will not detonate if accidentally dropped or mishandled. Other IEDs have used military and commercial explosives such as trinitrotoluene (TNT) in containers that can produce fragmentation, such as paint cans and oil drums.

8. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
A casing or container. Containers can range in size from a cigarette pack to a large truck. The container is used to package the device but can also help hide the IED as well as possibly provide fragmentation.
A power source for the detonator. Batteries of all types are the primary source of power for IEDs. IEDs may even be wired into the local power supply of a home or office. While the majority of IEDs have electric detonators, it should be noted that some IEDs may not contain a power source.

9. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
General. The enemy uses a variety of methods to initiate an IED. Initiation methods can be used individually, in parallel or in series. A time-initiated IED may also have a victim-operated initiation to prevent handling. There are three primary methods of initiation categories:
Command-initiated;
Time-initiated; and
Victim-operated (VO).

10. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
Command Initiation. Command-initiated IEDs are a common method of employment and allow the enemy to choose the optimum moment of initiation. This is the likely method of initiation used by suicide bombers. The most commonly used command initiation methods are:
Radio Control
Command Wire
Fibre Optic
Light Command
Projectile Command

11. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
Radio Control (RC) devices are initiated electronically with a wireless method consisting of a transmitter and a receiver (e.g. radio, key fob, cellular and cordless telephones). Radio controlled is the most common method of IED initiation experienced in recent conflict. The enemy uses a variety of remote-controlled devices to activate IEDs. Anything that transmits a radio signal can be adapted to function as a triggering device.

12. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
Command Wire (CW) devices are initiated with a wire and power source. The command wire is effective and can be constructed using readily available components. The enemy will endeavour to use debris and street furniture to conceal the command wire. While the CW limits the distance that the device can be deployed from, takes time to emplace, forces the user to a fixed firing point and is vulnerable for the attacker as it offers a greater chance of detection, it offers the advantage of being impervious to electronic countermeasures (ECM).

13. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
Fibre Optic (FO) cable technology is readily available, but offers little advantage over a conventional CW system. FO systems can be treated as CWs.
Light Command (LCIED). Most LCIEDs have used photographic flash units, both in visible and infrared light forms.
Projectile Command (PCIED). Small arms fire can be used to operate a firing switch. A PCIED could be employed in any area where a clear line of shot is likely.

14. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Improvised Explosive Devices
Time Initiation. Time-initiated IEDs are designed to function after a pre-set delay. It may be equipped with a local electric or manual timer to serve as a trigger.
Victim-operated Initiation. A victim-operated IED (VOIED) is a means of initiating an attack on a specific individual or group of individuals as a result of the victim’s (target) expected actions. There are various methods and devices that permit victim-operated initiation, which include pull or trip, pressure, release of pressure, movement sensitive, light sensitive and electronic switches. A device incorporating explosives designed to be detonated by the victim is a VOIED.

15. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Explosive Hazards
Improvised Explosive Devices
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance
Mines TP

16. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance (UXO)  
Definition:
Explosive ordnance which has been primed, fused, armed or otherwise prepared for action, and which has been fired, dropped, launched, projected or placed in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel or material and remains unexploded either by malfunction or design or for any other cause.

17. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance (UXO) 
UXOs pose several hazards. However, not all munitions pose the same hazards. The type of munitions determines what hazard exists.
Only qualified personnel are allowed to handle UXO. Do not touch or approach UXO.

18. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance (UXO) 
How to Identify UXO. As your training and career progress, you will be exposed to more types of munitions used by the CF. If you find yourself in the presence of UXO, note the following information to be sent to qualified personnel:
Shape: The shape of the UXO can help determine what it is. Try to describe the shape of the UXO by comparing it to familiar objects.

19. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance (UXO)  
Size: The size of a UXO is important. A 500-lb bomb will have a larger radius and poses more of a hazard than a grenade. A rough estimate is sufficient.
Colour: Colour is probably the most important information. NATO munitions are colour-coded and each colour represents a different type of hazard.

20. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Explosive Hazards
Improvised Explosive Devices
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance
Mines TP

21. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Definition:
An encased explosive or other material, designed to destroy or damage ground, boats or aircraft, designed to wound, kill or otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim, by the passage of time, or by controlled means.

22. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Types:
Antitank
Antipersonnel
Classification of Fuzes. The three classifications of fuzes are:
Contact: A target must come in contact (direct or indirect) with the fuze to provide the required functioning.
Controlled: The mine is remotely controlled either electrically or non-electrically.
Influence: A fuze actuated by the effect of a target on some physical condition in the vicinity of the fuze or radiation emanating from the fuze. Some influence fuzes have the ability to discriminate and count targets.

23. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Contact fuzes can be actuated by the following actions:
Pressure;
Pressure/pull (dual action);
Pressure/release (dual action);
Pull; and
Release.
Controlled fuzes can be actuated by the following actions:
Non-electric;
Electric; and
Radio frequency.

24. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Influence fuzes can be actuated by the following actions:
Magnetic;
Acoustic;
Vibration; and
Electromagnetic signal.

25. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Effects. Land mines can also be classified according to the effects they cause:
Blast. Produces casualties through shock/concussion; however, some secondary fragmentation will be present.
Fragmentation. Detonation of the mine results in fragmented components being propelled in all directions at a high velocity to cause casualties.

26. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Bounding Fragmentation. Once actuated, the mine or its internal projectile is propelled into the air to a height of up to 2.0 m. After a brief time delay the mine/projectile explodes, sending fragmentation in all directions.
Directional Fragmentation. Normally these mines are concave in shape with the fragmentation material placed only on one side of the explosive charge. Some blast mines have an optional fragmentation sleeve or collar which is placed around the mine to give a directional effect. When fired, the mine propels its fragmentation in the designated area.

27. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Penetration. There are two types of penetration:
Explosively Formed Projectile (EFP): The acceleration of a solid endplate (usually metal) from the face of an exploded charge such that the endplate remains in a solid state and functions as a projectile; and
Shaped Charge (Jet): An explosive charge so shaped and designed as to concentrate an explosive “jet” in a desired direction.

28. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Marking minefields
Marking mines and minefields: Most armies follow established conventions for marking minefields. This may consist of fences or posts and may or may not include placards or signs reading “MINES” or “DANGER” in one or more languages, or showing a skull and crossbones.

29. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Indicators of unmarked minefields or mines: It is important to be aware that minefields may not be marked because of their design or because the mines have been laid at some distance (scatterable mines). However, even if a minefield is not marked, you can often observe visible clues that indicate the presence of mines. Some indicators of unmarked mines or minefields are:

30. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Disturbance of the ground surface particularly on roads and grass, or loose sand scattered over grass;
Trampled earth or vegetation, footmarks or marks of wheeled or tracked vehicles in a pattern suggesting a minefield;
Damaged shrubbery in hedges or thickets, indicating a mine row;
High and low trip wires;
Partial blockage of a road by a seemingly harmless obstacle which forces traffic onto the verge;

31. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Mines
Empty containers of mines and components or explosive packaging, wrapping and seals which may have been left deliberately and booby trapped;
Human and livestock corpses with missing limbs or serious injuries;
Damaged vehicles on the road or on the verge of the road;
Abandoned fields, especially ones surrounded by cultivated farmland;
Roads and pathways that are not used or have been overgrown by vegetation; and
Local behaviour—if the local population avoids certain areas.

32. Do you have any questions?

33. Q1: What are the three primary methods of IED initiation?

34. A1: Command-initiated, time- initiated and victim- operated.

35. Q2: What are the three properties used to identify UXO?

36. A2: Shape, size and colour.

37. Q3: What is a mine?

38. A3: An encased explosive or other material, designed to destroy or damage ground, boats or aircraft, designed to wound, kill or otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim, by the passage of time, or by controlled means.

39. Q4: What are the two types of mines?

40. A4: Antitank and antipersonnel.

41. Q5: What are the three types of fuzes used to actuate mines?

42. A5: Contact, controlled and influence.

43. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Explosive Hazards
Improvised Explosive Devices
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance
Mines TP

44. Do you have any questions?

45. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Question 1
What are the two types of mines?
Question 2
What are the three types of fuzes used to actuate mines?
Question 3
What are the three properties used to identify UXO?
Question 4
What are the three primary methods of IED initiation?

46. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Answer 1
Antitank and antipersonnel.
Answer 2
Contact, controlled and influenced.
Answer 3
Shape, size and colour.
Answer 4
Command-initiated, time-initiated and victim-operated.

47. IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Course: BMQ (P Res)
EO: b
Rank/Name:
IDENTIFY HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS
Explosive Hazards
Improvised Explosive Devices
Unexploded Explosive Ordnance
Mines
Time:
References:
B-GL /FP-001, B-GL /FP-001,
B-GL /FP-001, B-GL /PT-001,
B-GL /TS-000, B-GJ /FP-004