1. Cartography
Study of Mapmaking

2. Continents

3. Topography The shape of the Earth’s surface
Raised area are hills or mountains
Depressed areas are valleys or craters

4. Elevation
Height above sea level, measured in feet or meters.

5. Relief The difference in a region’s elevations.
Which landscape below has a greater relief?

6. Globe: A spherical model of earth
Map
Drawing showing earth’s surface on a plane (flat surface)
Map Projection
Way of showing a curved earth on a flat surface
Globe: A spherical model of earth
most accurate map is a globe
Flat maps distort features because they are not 3-D

7. Landscape:
Physical features of
Earth’s surface

8. Lines on a map running from N to S Used to measure Longitude
Measures East and West of the Prime Meridian
Meridians
Lines on a map running from N to S
Used to measure Longitude
Numbered 0° to 180° both east and west
Not parallel to each other

9. Prime Meridian Meridian that runs through Greenwich, England
This is 0°
What other countries does the Prime Meridian pass through?

10. Latitude Parallels Measure of distance N or S of the equator
All lines on a map running from E to W
Used to measure latitude
Cross Meridians at right angles
Parallel to each other (concentric circles)

11. Imaginary line around the Earth that divides it into two hemispheres
Equator
Imaginary line around the Earth that divides it into two hemispheres
The equator is 0°

12. Each minute (1’) is equal to 60 seconds (60’’)
Understanding Coordinates…
Each degree (1°) of latitude and longitude is equal to 60 minutes (60’)
Each minute (1’) is equal to 60 seconds (60’’)
(Atlas activity)
(Google Earth)

13. Topographic Map
Map that shows the different shapes and sizes of a land surface using contour lines.
Map view of hill
Side view of hill

14. Contour Line
Line that passes through all points on a map that have the same elevation

15. Contour Line Basics Closer lines indicate steeper terrain
Every Point on a contour line has the exact same elevation
Lines separate points of higher elevation from lower elevation
Never cross each other
Contour lines are hashed to show a depression or crater
An irregular bullseye formed by contour lines represents a hill
Lines form a ‘V’ pattern when crossing streams
The ‘V’ always points upstream

16. Scale Ratio of distance on a map to the distance on earth
Shows how a map compares in size to earth
Stated Verbally or graphically
Example – 1:24,000

17. Benchmark Location of known elevation Is a marker set into the ground
Shown as BM on a map

18. Topographic Profile
Shows land features from the side rather than from an overhead view
Made from a topographic map

19. Time Zones
Longitudinal belt of Earth in which all areas have the same local time
Earth is divided into 24 time zones
Each 15 degrees wide
How many time zones are in the continental US?

20. International Date Line (IDL)
180 degree meridian
Not straight

21. International Date Line
When the line is crossed going west, one day is added
When the line is crossed going east, one day is subtracted
This line is NOT straight so that countries are not divided and have different dates