1. OZ Human-Centered Flight Displays
Dave Still & Tom Eskridge
IHMC
Background and Application

2. What is OZ? A unique, human-centered flight instrument
Uses biological principles to constrain graphical symbology to pass through ambient vision filters
Enables gestalt view of instrument
Enables acquisition of multiple data points for each gaze
Takes advantage of visual perception features
Popout
Figure-ground separation
Chunking
Effortless discrimination
Structure from motion
Uses human-centered computing principles to provide functional relevance
Combine multiple data streams
Uses common frame of reference

3. Motivations for the OZ design
Keep up with the aircraft
Decrease spatial disorientation / inner ear
Decrease pilot workload, improve stress tolerance
No memorization V speeds, power settings
Decrease training
Add Capability and Performance
Consolidated frame of reference
Agile adaptation to change/emergency
Our hypothesis is that reducing the cognitive workload associated with understanding the flight attitude and environmental situation of the aircraft will enable pilots to fly and land more precisely, and have the reserve cognitive bandwidth available to make safety- and mission-critical decisions.

4. Versions of OZ Fixed-wing OZ Rotary-wing/VTOL OZ
Design principles behind OZ have been used to create interfaces for
Anesthesiologists
Network Security Analysts
Air Operations Center Commanders

5. Fixed-wing OZ

6. Starfield Metaphor Vertical Columns show headings
The most distinctive feature of OZ is the Starfield. Stars flow towards the pilot and are responsive to pitch, roll, and yaw of the a/c. This gives OZ the functionality of the conventional attitude indicator instrument everywhere the pilot looks on the OZ interface.
Horizontal Rows show altitudes

7. Aircraft Performance Total Drag Parasitic Drag Induced Drag
OZ flight performance model is an idealization of the lift to drag curves of the aircraft. The arrow above points to the point were drag is minimized.

8. OZ for Helicopter/VTOL
Flight model changes
Starfield remains
Dynamics reflect VTOL flight
As late as 2002, there have been no demonstrations of successfully training hover using flight simulators: Johnson and Stewart (2002). Utility of a Personal Computer Aviation Training Device for Helicopter Flight Training. ARI Research Report 1787.
We believe that OZ is the first flight display system that is capable of doing this, and have demonstrated this with one student who had never flow a helicopter before, and through the remediation of two flight students who were on the verge of failing the flight training program.

9. Barriers to VTOL Flight
Understanding what the aircraft is doing
Poor visual feedback
Out the window
Reduced visual environment
Ambiguous cues
Training Display
Pulsing the controls
Prevents control feedback
Quick small pressure
Control input reversals
Positive control
The most significant barrier to vertical takeoff and landing flight is keeping a current and accurate understanding of what the aircraft is doing. This is particularly important in flight regimes where the g-forces on the body are either very small (as in hovering flight) or non-traditional (such as lunar landing)

10. Why OZ works There are three external inputs to pilot
Vision
Vestibular System
Instrument Symbology
Vision during vertical flight is ambiguous
Relative motion moving towards A/C indicates:
Vertical Motion
Forward Motion
Pitch Up
G-load on vestibular system is small
Symbology provides most accurate information
Haber, R. and L. Haber (2003). Perception and attention during low-altitude high-speed flight. Principles and Practice of Aviation Psychology. P. Tsang and M. Vidulich. Mawhaw, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.

11. Why OZ works Internal inputs to pilot are
Perception
Mental model of flight
Experience
OZ uses ambient vision to enhance perception over wide angle field of view
OZ directly encodes a normative model of flight, relating
A/C performance
A/C capabilities
Environment
Studies have shown training with OZ leads to increased capabilities earlier in flight career
OZ helo pilots have been rated to be at hour 8-10 of the normal Army helo training program after their first actual helo flight.
Smith has shown pilots trained using OZ have a deeper understanding of critical flight relationships, such as the relationship between power, speed, and A/C performance envelope.
Smith, C. F. and D. A. Boehm-Davis (2005). Improving Novice Flight Performance Using a Functional Flight Display. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Aviation Psychology 13th Annual Meeting. Oklahoma City, OK.

12. Why OZ works
Separates ambiguous visual inputs into separate force components
Pitch
Roll
Yaw
Fore/Aft
Up/Down
Left/Right

13. Unambiguous Cues YAW ROLL PITCH LEFT/RIGHT UP/ DOWN FORE/ AFT
The relation between the torque bar, the pitch ladder, and horizon line gives the operator unambiguous cues of the a/c orientation. Because this is accessible with ambient vision, all of the information is available in a single 1/8 second glance of the instrument.
UP/
DOWN
FORE/
AFT

14. Ascending Green Beyond Yellow Tick
Torque greater than required for IGE Hover
Vertical Speed Ring
5 degrees above Horizon 250 fpm
Horizon above Ground Dots by 35 feet

15. Forward Motion Pitch Ladder 5 degrees Pitch Line Feathers Feathers
Horizon Line

16. Drifting to right Lateral Displacement Lateral Speed
Full description of the symbology dynamics is in the extra slides at the end of the presentation