1. Thermal Energy
Internal energy: total amount of the energy of the particles that compose matter

2. What is the difference between heat, temperature and thermal energy?
Heat: the quantity of thermal energy transferred from a hotter to a colder object
Temperature: the measure of the average kinetic energy of the vibrating particles that compose an object
Thermal energy: the total amount of internal energy possessed by the particles that compose matter

3. When matter gets warmer, the atoms or molecules in the matter move faster.

4. solid liquid gas Matter is changing state Increasing Avg. KE
Increasing Temp.
Particle speed is increasing
melting
freezing
liquid
evaporation
condensation
gas

5. Temperature and Kinetic Energy
Temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance.
The faster the molecules move, the ______________ the temperature and the _____________ the average kinetic energy and the __________ the particle speed.
greater
greater
greater

6. 21.2 Heat What causes heat to flow?
A difference in temperature between objects in thermal contact.

7. 21.4 Internal Energy
When a substance takes in or gives off heat, its internal energy changes.

8. 21.3 Thermal Equilibrium
What happens when a warmer substance comes in contact with a cooler substance?
Heat flows between two objects of different temperature until they have the same temperature. (2nd law of thermodyamics)
The loss of thermal energy from the warmer object equals the gain of thermal energy for the cooler object

9. 21.8 Thermal Expansion
Most forms of matter—solids, liquids, and gases—expand when they are heated and contract when they are cooled.

10. 21.8 Thermal Expansion
When the temperature of a substance is increased, its molecules jiggle faster and normally tend to move farther apart.
This results in an expansion of the substance.
Gases generally expand or contract much more than liquids.
Liquids generally expand or contract more than solids.

11. Starter Question #2 How does a thermometer work?
The kinetic theory be used to explain expansion and contraction of materials when the temperature of the material changes.
As the temperature rises, heat is transferred from the surroundings to the liquid inside the thermometer and the molecules that compose the liquid vibrate faster. This causes the liquid to expand and rise.
As the temperature falls, heat is transferred away from the liquid inside to the surroundings and the molecules that compose this liquid slow down. This causes the liquid to contract.

12. The liquid in the thermometer stops rising or falling when thermal equilibrium is reached (no more heat flow!)
Air temperature = Liquid temperature

13. Do copper, clay and water have the same chemical composition?
21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
Do copper, clay and water have the same chemical composition?
No. Copper is composed of Cu atoms and water is composed of H2O molecules. Clay is a complex silicate.
The difference in chemical composition influences how copper, clay and water respond when heat is transferred.

14. 21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
The specific heat capacity of a substance is the quantity of heat required to raise 1 g of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

15. 21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
A substance with a high specific heat capacity can absorb a large quantity of heat before it will raise in temperature (water has a high specific heat).
A substance with a low specific heat requires relatively little heat to raise its temperature (copper has a low specific heat).

16. 21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
highest
lowest

17. 21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
think!
Which has a higher specific heat capacity—water or sand? Explain.

18. 21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
think!
Which has a higher specific heat capacity—water or sand? Explain.
Answer:
Water has a greater heat capacity than sand. Water is much slower to warm in the hot sun and slower to cool at night. Sand’s low heat capacity, shown by how quickly it warms in the morning and how quickly it cools at night, affects local climates.
Good conductors have a low specific heat capacity!

19. 21.6 Specific Heat Capacity
A gram of water requires 1 calorie of energy to raise the temperature 1°C.
It takes only about one eighth as much energy to raise the temperature of a gram of iron by the same amount.
The capacity of a substance to store heat depends on its chemical composition.

20. 21.6 Specific Heat Capacity

21. Substances with a low specific heat (e. g
Substances with a low specific heat (e.g., metals) need very little heat to raise temperature
Good conductors, not good absorbers, do not hold onto heat well
Substances with a high specific heat need a large quantity of heat to raise temperature.
Poor conductors, good absorbers, store and hold onto heat well

22. 7. How does the specific heat of water help to moderate climate?

23. Winter Vs. Summer Heat Flow
In winter
-Heat loss from inside (warmer) to outside (colder)
-Heating system must operate to transfer thermal energy from fuel to fluid to room to keep house warm
In summer
-Heat gain from outside (warmer) to inside (cooler)
- Cooling system must operate to transfer incoming heat entering the house back to the outside

24. Why do we need heating systems?
What do the green arrows represent?
How does this heat flow affect the temperature of the air inside the home?
Where does the energy come from that increases the temperature of the air inside the home?

25. Explain why the heat flow for a home is different in the winter vs
Explain why the heat flow for a home is different in the winter vs. the summer.

26. 22.2 Convection Convection currents are produced by uneven heating.
During the day, the land is warmer than the air, and a sea breeze results.

27. 22.2 Convection Convection currents are produced by uneven heating.
During the day, the land is warmer than the air, and a sea breeze results.
At night, the land is cooler than the water, so the air flows in the other direction.

28. Generation of Sea Breezes
Day
Convection
Air above the sea remains cooler and moves on land to replace the land air that rose
Air above the land heats more rapidly and rises
Sea breeze
Land
low specific heat
heat and cools rapidly
less resistant to temperature change
Sea
high specific heat
heats and cools slowly
more resistant to temperature change

29. Generation of Sea Breezes
Night
Air above the ground is cooler than the air above the water and moves over the sea to replace the sea air that rose
Air above the water is warmer than the air above the land and rises
Land Breeze
Land
low specific heat
heat and cools rapidly
less resistant to temperature change
Sea
high specific heat
heats and cools slowly
more resistant to temperature change

30. Generation of Sea Breezes

32. 21.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
The property of water to resist changes in temperature improves the climate in many places.

33. 21.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Water has a high specific heat and is transparent, so it takes more energy to heat up than land does.

34. Moderating Effect of Water
During the summer, surrounding air is cooled by the water and keeps the coast cooler than the intercontinental locations.
During the winter, the surrounding air is warmed by the water and keeps the coast warmer than the intercontinental locations.

35. Gulf Stream brings warm water northeast from the Caribbean.
21.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Water’s capacity to store heat affects the global climate.
Water stores and hold heat well because of its high specific heat.
Gulf Stream brings warm water northeast from the Caribbean.

37. Thermal Front The Gulf Stream (warm water from equator) meets
The Labrador Current (cold water from polar region)
Labrador Current
Gulf Stream

38. 21.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Climate of Europe
Look at a world globe and notice the high latitude of Europe.
Both Europe and Canada get about the same amount of the sun’s energy per square kilometer.

39. Marine Climate
Continental Climate
Cork
Edmonton
Same insolation angle, different climate due to proximity to water and the warming effect from the Gulf Stream

40. The Gulf Stream brings warm winters to Ireland and the prevailing winds off the Atlantic carry with them rain. It means grass can grow almost all year round — creating the lush sweeping pastures of the Emerald Isle. Today they make up 93 percent of all farmland. No other country in Europe has quite as much grass as Ireland.

42. 21.7 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
Climate of America
On the west coast, air moves from the Pacific Ocean to the land.
In winter, the water warms the air that moves over it and warms the western coastal regions of North America.
In summer, the water cools the air and the western coastal regions are cooled.
The central interior of a large continent usually experiences extremes of temperature.
Land, with a lower specific heat capacity, gets hot in summer but cools rapidly in winter.

43. Changing Angle of Sunlight
Reason for the Seasons 2
Changing Angle of Sunlight
The hemisphere tilted toward the Sun receives sunlight at higher angles than the hemisphere tilted away from the Sun.
Higher insolation angle means greater intensity of radiant energy (the sun shines more directly on a smaller area).
Summer in Northern Hemisphere

44. Identify the Seasons and the Equinox or Solstice, and comment about the number of daylight vs. night hours
Season _________
Equinox or Solstice
_________
Season _________
Equinox or Solstice
Season _________
Equinox or Solstice
Season ________
Equinox or Solstice

45. Identify the Seasons and the Equinox or Solstice
Equal day and night—12hr and 12 hr
Season _________
Equinox or Solstice
spring
Less daylight hours, more night hours
Less night hours, more daylight hours
winter
Season _________
Equinox or Solstice
summer
Season _________
Equinox or Solstice
fall
Season _________
Equinox or Solstice

46. Heat can be transferred by conduction, by convection, and by radiation.

47. 22.1 Conduction
In conduction, collisions between particles transfer thermal energy, without any overall transfer of matter.

48. 22.1 Conduction
Heat from the flame causes atoms and free electrons in the end of the metal to move faster and jostle against others. The energy of vibrating atoms increases along the length of the rod.

49. 22.2 Convection
In convection, heat is transferred by movement of the hotter substance from one place to another.

50. 22.2 Convection Convection occurs in all fluids.
Convection currents transfer heat in air.
Hot, less dense fluid rises in the presence of cooler, more dense fluid.

51. 22.2 Convection Convection occurs in all fluids.
Convection currents transfer heat in air.
Convection currents transfer heat in liquid.
When fluid particles at the bottom of the pan begin to vibrate faster, they expand and decrease in density, making the hotter fluid more buoyant.

52. 22.3 Radiation
In radiation, heat is transmitted in the form of radiant energy, or electromagnetic waves.

53. Heat Transfer 1
Which heat transfer occurs from particle to particle during direct contact of substances?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

54. Heat Transfer 1
Which heat transfer occurs from particle to particle during direct contact of substances?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

55. Heat Transfer 2
Which heat transfer can occur through a vacuum or through matter?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

56. Heat Transfer 2
Which heat transfer can occur through a vacuum or through matter?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

57. Heat Transfer 3
Which heat transfer is based on density differences in a substance and gravity?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

58. Heat Transfer 3
Which heat transfer is based on density differences in a substance and gravity?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

59. Heat Transfer 4
Which heat transfer occurs through the movement of the heated substance?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

60. Heat Transfer 4
Which heat transfer occurs through the movement of the heated substance?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

61. Heat Transfer 5
Which heat transfer is characterized by transmission by electromagnetic waves?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

62. Heat Transfer 5
Which heat transfer is characterized by transmission by electromagnetic waves?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

63. Heat Transfer 6
Which heat transfer processes can only occur through matter?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

64. Heat Transfer 6
Which heat transfer processes can only occur through matter?
a) Conduction
b) Convection
c) Radiation
Conduction and Convection
Conduction, convection and radiation

65. 22.3 Radiation
Most of the heat from a fireplace goes up the chimney by convection. The heat that warms us comes to us by radiation.

66. Radiation is caused by moving electrons or charged particles in matter
Radiation is caused by moving electrons or charged particles in matter. The faster the particles move, the higher the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation.

67. 22.3 Radiation
Radio waves send signals through the air.

68. 22.3 Radiation Radio waves send signals through the air.
You feel infrared waves as heat.

69. 22.3 Radiation Radio waves send signals through the air.
You feel infrared waves as heat.
A visible form of radiant energy is light waves.

70. 11. What happens to the frequency of radiant energy as the temperature of the substance increases or decreases?

71. The frequency of radiant energy increases as the temperature of the substance increases.