1. Indonesia Earthquake 27 May 2006 www.pitt.edu/~super/ Ali Ardalan, Kuntoro Just-in-Time Lecture

2. Mission Statement The Global Disaster Health Network is designed to translate the best possible scholarly information to educators worldwide.

3. Mission Statement The Global Disaster Health Network is designed to translate the best possible scholarly information to educators worldwide. What are the Disaster Supercourse & JIT lecture?

4. What is the Disaster Supercourse? What is a JIT lecture? http://www.pitt.edu/~super1.

5. Lecture objectives  To provide the best possible scientific information about the Indonesia earthquake, 27 May 2006  To teach how the science can help Indonesian to be prepared for primary & secondary prevention of consequences of earthquake

6. Lecture objectives In this lecture you will find:  How the vulnerability conditions can change a natural hazard to a disaster?

7. What is the earthquake? The shaking of earth caused by waves moving on and below the earth's surface and causing: surface faulting, tremors vibration, liquefaction, landslides, aftershocks and/or tsunamis.

8. How earthquake happens?  It caused by a sudden slip on a FAULT.  Stresses in the earth's outer layer push sides of fault together.  Stress builds up & rocks slips suddenly, releasing energy in waves that travel through the earth's CRUST & cause the shaking that we Feel during an earthquake.

9. Earthquake Strength Measures I) Magnitude & II) Intensity I) Magnitude:  Definition: A measure of actual physical energy release at its source as estimated from instrumental observations.  Scale: Richter Scale By Charles Richter, 1936 Open-ended scale The oldest & most widely used Noji 1997

10. II) Intensity:  Definition: a measure of the felt or perceived effects of an earthquake rather than the strength of the earthquake itself.  Scale: Modified Mercalli (MM) scale 12-point scale, ranges from barely perceptible earthquakes at MM I to near total destruction at MM XII Earthquake Strength Measures I) Magnitude & II) Intensity

11.  Magnitude refers to the force of the earthquake as a whole, while intensity refers to the effects of an earthquake at a particular site.  An earthquake can have just one magnitude, while intensity is usually strongest close to the epicenter & is weaker the farther a site is from the epicenter.  The intensity of an earthquake is more germane to its public health consequences than its magnitude. Magnitude versus Intensity

12. Indonesia  Location: South eastern Asia  Extension: 1,913.000 Km 2  Around 18.000 islands (70% unpopulated)  The world's largest archipelago!  Bicontinental country: Asia & Australia

13.  Total population: 222,781,000  GDP per capita (Intl $, 2004): 3,840  Life expectancy at birth M/F (years2002): 65,0 / 68,0  Healthy life expectancy at birth M/F (years, 2006): 57,4 / 58,9 Indonesia’s Health Statistics

14.  Child mortality M/F (per 1000): 41/36  Adult mortality M/F (per 1000): 239/200  Total health expenditure per capita (Intl $, 2003): 113  Total health expenditure as % of GDP (2003): 3,1 Indonesia’s Health Statistics

15. Plates movement  6.0 cm per year in the West Java Trench  4.9 cm per year in the East Java Trench  10.7 cm per year in New Guinea Earthquakes & active faults in USGS Indonesia Seismic Plates

16. Based on Expected Ground Acceleration USGS Seismic Hazard Map of Indonesia

17. MAGNITUDE LOCATION DATE M 6.3JavaMay 26, 2006 M 8.7Northern SumatraMarch 28, 2005 M 9.0 Sumatra - Andaman Islands December 26, 2004 M 7.0HalmaheraMay 26, 2003 M 7.4SumatraNov. 2, 2002 M 6.5 Bengkulu June 7, 2000 M 8.1Irian Jaya RegionFebruary 17, 1996 M 7.5 Flores Region Dec. 12, 1992 http://www.eeri.org/lfe/indonesia.html Significant earthquakes in Indonesia Significant earthquake in Indonesia

18. RegionDeathMagDate Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 1,3138.703/282005 Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra 283,1069.012/262004 Irian Jaya Region Indonesia 1668.202/171996 Flores Region, Indonesia 2,5197.812/121992 The Largest earthquake in Indonesia

19. RegionDeathMag Northern Sumatra, Indonesia 1,3138.728/03/2005 Off West Coast of Northern Sumatra 283,1069.026/12/2004 Flores Region, Indonesia2,5197.812/12/1992 The deadliest earthquake in Indonesia

20.  Date: Sunday, December 26, 2004  Location: OFF THE WEST COAST OF NORTHERN SUMATRA  Magnitude: 9.0 on the Richter scale  Time: 00:58:53 (UTC)  Epicentre: 3.316°N, 95.854°E  Depth: 30 km (18.6 miles)  Death: >220,000 usgs.gov The largest earthquake in Indonesia

21.  Indonesia's volcanic activity is among the Earth's highest!  The most famous: Krakatau (Krakatoa), (between Sumatra and Java) Volcanic activities in Indonesia

22. UNDP Average Disaster Per Year in Indonesia, 1980-2000

23. UNDP Average Killed per year by natural disasters in Indonesia, 1980-2000

24. UNDP Comparison of Average Killed per year due to Earthquakes between Indonesia & other countries, 1980-2000

25.  Time: 5/53/58 Local Time  Magnitude: 6.3 on Richter scale  Region: Java, Indonesia  Geolocation: 7.962°S, 110.458°E  Main Affected area: Yogyakarta, Java  Depth: 10 km (6.2 miles)  Epicenter: 37 km south of Yogyakarta 455 Km of Jakarta Indonesia Earthquake, 27 May 2006

26. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta (DIY) province People of DIY only were worry about the eruption of Mount Merapi in the Northern part of City of Yogyakarta, they had never thought about earthquake over hundred years! DIY has a special status in Republic of Indonesia, although in the Province level, the governor is always the descendant of the King, to honor the culture of Kingdom.

27.  Roads & Bridges: ~ 49 km  Destroyed Schools: 269  Government Buildings: 302  Religious Buildings: 18,959  Local Markets: 9  Destroyed houses: 60,000 Indonesia Earthquake: Infrastructure Damage

28. Damage Building and Housing in District of Klaten, Province of Central Java Village Affected People’s HousingGovernmental Building Total Damage Severe Damage Mild Damage Total Damage Severe Damage Mild Damage 39136,21059,06283,93376417432

29. Damage Housing in Province of DIY DistrictLevel of Damage TotalSevereMild- Moderate Bantul28,93940,03830,906 Yogyakarta2,0913,9861,422 Gunungkidul13,2504,71816,742 Sleman4,99115,38230,479 Kulonprogo8683,5897,137 Total DIY49,33967,71386,686

30. Government Residences for Health Staff Integrated Health Post (Pustu) Community Health centre (Puskesmas) -1118 Yogyakarta City 243125 Bantul District --1 Klaten District 01 June 2006 Indonesia Earthquake: Damage to Health Facilities

31. City of Yogyakarta of Province of DIY 6 Public Health Centers (PHC) & 1 Sub PHC were severely damaged 9 PHCs and 6 Sub PHCs were moderately damaged 3 PHCs and 4 Sub PHCs were mildly damaged. District of Klaten of Province of Central Java 2 PHCs and 8 Sub PHCs were destroyed 7 PHCs and 25 Sub PHCs were severely damaged 5 PHCs and 20 Sub PHCs were mildly damaged rusak ringan District of Bantul of Province of DIY 15 PHCs, 1 District Health Office, 30 Sub PHCs and 46 Houses of Officers were severely damaged 4 PHCs, 13 Sub PHCs and 21 Houses of Officers were moderately damaged 7 PHCs, 1 District General Hospital of Bantul, 13 PHCs and 4 Houses of Officers were mildly damaged. Damage to Health Facilities

32.  Death toll: 4,962 to 6,234  Injured: 33,852 to 57,790  Hospitalized patients: 18,959  Displaced/homeless: 200,000- 600,000 Indonesia Earthquake: Main Health Impacts

33. 31/05/2006 Indonesia Earthquake: Mortality distribution 3580Kab.Bantul Yogyakarta 212Kab.Sleman 165Kota Yogyakarta 69Kab. Gunung Kidul 26Kab. Kulon Progo 1668Kab. Klaten Central Java 5Kab. Purworejo 3Kota Boyolali 1Kab. Magelang 1 Kab. Sukoharjo 1678

34.  Shelters & tents  Medical Assistance  Lacks of Medical Staff & services  Bed sheets, mattresses  Clean Water & Food  Disease surveillance system Indonesia Earthquake: Health Needs & Concerns

35. Emergency Health Information System Importance of right kind of donations (based on right needs assessment) Incident Command System (ICS)  Inter and Intra sectoral Coordination Some key points in relief operation:

36. Pease see the following lectures: Part I. http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13021/index.htm Part II. http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec13051/index.htm Public Health Consequences of Earthquakes

37.  Only for covering the 6 months relief needs: 103,389,500 US$ (UN Flash Appeal) Indonesia Earthquake: Economical Damage How about the recovery & reconstruction of damaged infrastructures?

38.  Several decades of development wiped out in seconds in Yogyakarta & Java  How many percent of Indonesia GDP has been lost in the recent earthquake?  What do you think about spending this money on prevention? And absolutely without loosing the lives and injuries! Indonesia Earthquake

39. 30 years continuous evolution in the practice of Crisis or Disaster Management  Civil defense  Emergency assistance  Disaster response and relief  Humanitarian assistance  Emergency management  Civil protection  Disaster mitigation and prevention  Disaster Risk Management Strategic shift from managing a disastrous event to more preventive and proactive approaches!!

40. What is Disaster risk reduction (disaster reduction or DRR)? The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development !

41. A potentially damaging physical event, phenomenon or human activity that may cause the loss of life or injury, property damage, social and economic disruption or environmental degradation. DRR Terminology: What is the Hazard? Indonesian Earthquake GeologicalNatural Flood, HurricaneHydro meteorological PandemicBiological Deforestation Environmental degradation Hyman Induced Nuclear releaseTechnological

42. DRR Terminology: What is the Vulnerability? The conditions determined by physical, social, economic, and environmental factors or processes, which increase the susceptibility of a community to the impact of hazards. Vulnerable Yogyakarta, Java: o Unprepared people, society o Unprepared institutions o Non-resistant building o High-density population o etc.

43. What is Risk? The probability of harmful consequences, or expected losses (deaths, injuries, property, livelihoods, economic activity disrupted or environment damaged) resulting from interactions between natural or human- induced hazards & vulnerable conditions. Risk = Hazards x Vulnerability

44. What is a Disaster ? A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources.

45. What is a Disaster? A disaster is a function of the risk process. It results from the combination of hazards, conditions of vulnerability and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential negative consequences of risk.

46. Indonesian earthquake: Risk model Maybe DIY & Java communities were not able to modify the hazard part of the earthquake risk model, and predict it precisely, BUT they could assess their vulnerability conditions and reduced them! This has been the same experience in Bam & Kashmir!

47. Main Lesson Learned So, an earthquake measuring 6.3 on the Richter scale is not equal to a disaster. It is just movement of the earth crust. Our vulnerability has changed it to a disaster!!

48. Just-in-Time Education Let’s teach the communities right now ! Risk awareness & Knowledge development including education, training, research and information are of the important fields of action for Disaster Risk Reduction!

49.  People need information as much as water, food, medicine or shelter.  Information can save lives, livelihoods & resources.  Lack of information can make people victims of disaster. World Disaster Report 2005 – IFRC/RCS Information ….

50. Please read carefully at: http://earthquake.usgs.gov/faq/prepare.html What we should do/do not before, during & after the earthquake?

51. References

52. We wish to express our warm thanks to GDHNet faculties and all groups that contributed their valuable materials.