1. Chapter 3

2. Disputes Obviously genuine Merely verbal
Apparently verbal disputes that are really genuine

3. Obviously Genuine Disputes
In which there is no ambiguity present and the disputers do disagree, either in attitude or in belief.

4. Merely Verbal Disputes
In which there is ambiguity present but there is no genuine disagreement at all.

5. Apparently Verbal Disputes that are Really Genuine
In which there is ambiguity present and the disputers disagree, either in attitude or in belief.

6. Definendum
The symbol being defined.

7. Definiens
The symbol or group of symbol being used to explain the meaning of the definiendum.

8. Example
The word “triangle” means a plane figure enclosed by three straight lines.

9. Stipulative Definition
In which meaning is assigned to some symbol. A stipulative definition is not a report and cannot be true or false; it is a proposal, resolution, request, or instruction to use the definiendum to mean what is meant by the definiens.

10. Examples
A 4 = B
A x A x A x A = B
Spearman’s “g factor”
“Black hole”

11. Lexical Definition
Which reprot the meaning that the definiendum already has and which therefore can be correct or incorrect.

12. Precising Definitions
Which go beyond ordinary usage in such a way as to eliminate troublesome uncertainty regarding borderline cases. Its definiendum has an existing meaning, but that meaning is vague; what is added to achieve precision is partly a matter of stipulation.

13. Example
Horsepower
“The power needed to raise a weight of 550 pounds by one foot in one second” = watts
Meter
10-millionth pole to equater
“the distance light travels in on 299,742,458th of a second”

14. Theoretical Definition
Which seek to formulate a theoretically adequate or scientifically useful description of the objects to which the term applies.

15. Example
AIDS

16. Persuasive Definitions
Which seek to influence attitudes or stir the emotions, using language expressively rather than informatively.

17. Extension
The collection of objects to which a general term correctly applies constitutes the extension of that term.

18. Examples Socialism – democracy extended to the economic field
Capitalism – freedom in the economic sphere

19. Example
Skyscraper
World Trade Center in New York, Sears Tower in Chicago, Petronal Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Shanghai World Financial Center

20. Law of Inverse Variation
Extension and intension always vary inversely

21. Exercise Animal, lion, mammal, vertebrate, wildcat
Beverage, carbonated soft drink, cola drink, Pepsi, Pepsi jumbo
Sportsman, cricketer, fielder, wicketkeeper

22. Extensional Definitions
Definitions by Example
Ostensive Definitions
Quasi-ostensive Definitions

23. Intensional Definitions
Synonymous Definitions
Operational Definitions
Definition by Genus and Difference

24. A definition should: State the essential attributes of the species.
Not be circular
Be neither too broad not too narrow
Not be express in ambiguous, obscure, or figurative language
Not be negative where it can be affirmative