1. Communication systems

2. Organizational Communication The most important component of leadership/management process in any organization is communication. It is an exchange of information that takes place on several levels and is constantly occurring.

3. Organizational Communication Objectives An open communication climate. Accurate information. Competition and cooperation rather than conflict.

4. communication dimensions Communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: 1.Content (what type of things are communicated) 2.Source; Sender/Encoder (by whom) 3.Form (in which form) 4.Channel (through which medium) 5.Receiver/Target/Decoder (to whom)

5. The Communication Process  Thought: First, information exists in the mind of the sender. This can be a concept, idea, information, or feelings.  Encoding: Next, a message is sent to a receiver in words or other symbols.  Decoding: lastly, the receiver translates the words or symbols into a concept or information that he or she can understand.

6. Forms of Organizational Communication Formal CommunicationFormal Communication Informal CommunicationInformal Communication

7. Formal communication “the official” This type is established by management and formally pictured in the charts of the organization. - It is a line of communication for the transmission of official message and information within or outside the organization.

8. Informal communication “the grapevine” notDoes not follow formally delegated lines of authorities and responsibilities. powerfulpurposeful,It is a powerful and purposeful, effective tool of good administrative practice. understanding public’s opinion and moraleIt is considered as a mean of understanding public’s opinion and morale in the organization. An intelligent manager can make use of grapevine for spreading information informally

9. Channels of communication in the organization 123323123323 Horizontal Diagonal Downward Upward

10. Downward Communication. Downward communication : Formal communication consists of messages sent from superiors to subordinates. 1. Instructions or directions concerning job- performance. 2. Information about organizational procedures and policies 3. Feedback to the subordinates concerning job performance 4. Information to assist in of work tasks.  Low employee satisfaction  Downward communication is limited.

11. Downward communication must accomplish the following: Demonstrate empathy. Be accurate Be definite. Consider selective perception. Provide for feedback Avoid message overload

12. Upward communication. Upward communication : the flow of messages from the lower levels of the organization to the upper levels. It most consists of information such as feedback of lower-level operations (reports of production). Upward is important work-related decisions. Upward communication involves complaints and suggestions for improvement. High employees satisfaction

13. Successful upward communication requires the following: Frequent face-to-face contact Recognition of and rewards for accomplishment The ability to listen Action.

14. Lateral communication  Lateral communication This is the flow of communication between people who are on the same level in an organization.  It requires co-workers co-ordination to accomplish a goal.  Lateral communication can also occur between two or more departments in an organization.  Lateral communication helps develop interpersonal relationships.

15. Lateral communication Lateral communication has three formal functions: a)Coordination. b)Problem solving. c)Conflict resolution Lateral communication tends to be faster, more accurate, and less threatening than vertical communication.

16. Diagonal communication It occurs between individual or departments that are not in the same level of the hierarchy. informal

17. The “Chain” Communication Structure The “Circle” Communication Structure

18. 18 شبكات تصال مركزيةشبكات أتصال لا مركزية ھ جب د أ أ العجلة أ ھ ب ج د النمط الشمولى د ز و السلسلة المفردة أ ب ج د ھ السلسلة العنقودية بج

19. CriteriaChainWheelAll channel SpeedModerateFast AccuracyHigh Moderate Emergence of a leader ModerateHighNone Member satisfaction ModerateLowHigh

20. Barriers to Communication  Culture, background, and bias  Noise  Ourselves  Perception  Message  Environment  Stress  Gender differences

21. Assertiveness Assertive style of behavior is to interact with people while standing up for your rights Assertive people: Assertive people have the following characteristics They feel free to express their feelings. They know their rights. They have control over their anger.

22. Measures to improve communication Clarify ideas before attempting to communicate, i.e. be sure of what you wish to communicate. Examine the purpose of communication, i.e. be quite clear about the purpose and objective of what you want to accomplish. Provide right climate, i.e. remove organizational blocks and other communication barriers, and select the right physical setting. Be clear in the use of language. Use adequate medium, i.e. select oral, written or visual medium that you consider most effective for achieving your communication objecti ves

23. Measures to improve communication Watch carefully the tone of your voice. Remember that communication is a two-way, i.e. be sure the message is received and understood by the receiver. Be sure your actions do not contradict your communication. Be a good listener. Provide climate of trust and confidence. Feedback to be sure that what has been communicated has been properly understood by the receiver.