1. Chapter 17 Section 3- The Reformation Begins I. Calls for Church Reform A. Martin Luther- a monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church. At first he only wanted to reform the Catholic Church, yet this led to the period known as the Reformation. This movement created other Christian churches which became known as Protestantism. B. Desiderius Erasmus, a leader in Christian humanism, felt humans could use reason to be better Christians.

2. (Continue: The Reformation Begins) C. During this time, people were upset because the Church was focused mainly on money. The Church was selling the pardon of sins, or indulgences. In response to this act, Martin Luther wrote a list of 95 arguments against the selling of indulgences. This list became known as the Ninety-Five Theses. D. Church leaders felt threatened by Luther, and the pope excommunicated him. E. Luther’s ideas led to a new religious denomination, or organized branch of Christianity. Lutheranism was the first Protestant denomination.

3. II. Politics and Lutheranism A. In 1519, local kings and nobles of the Holy Roman Empire did not want Charles V(of Germany), the Holy Roman Emperor, to become too powerful. B. Kings realized they could increase their power if they supported Lutheranism. When the kings became Lutheran, their entire kingdoms did as well. C. The Catholic Church could not earn income from the Lutheran kingdoms. D. Charles V warred with the local kings but could not defeat them. The fighting ended with the Peace of Augsburg.

4. III. Calvin & Calvinism A. Early in life, John Calvin studied theology- study of questions about God. B. While studying in Paris, John Calvin was forced to flee because of his discussions of Lutheranism. He found safety in Geneva, Switzerland. C. Calvin taught: God’s will is absolute, and decides everything in advance- including who will go to heaven or hell. This became known as Predestination. D. Calvinism became the basis of many Protestant churches, such as the Puritans and Presbyterians.