1. The Reformation Begins Get Ready to Read Section Overview This section describes how Martin Luther’s movement to reform the Roman Catholic Church resulted in new forms of Christianity.

2. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Focusing on the Main Ideas The Reformation Begins The reforms of Martin Luther led to the creation of new Christian churches. Political leaders often supported Protestantism because they wanted more power. John Calvin’s Protestant teachings spread across Europe and into North America.

3. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Locating Places Wittenberg (WIH·tuhn· BUHRG ) Meeting People Martin Luther Desiderius Erasmus ( DEHS ·ih·DIHR·ee·uhs ih·RAZ·muhs) John Calvin The Reformation Begins Geneva (juh·NEE·vuh)

4. Get Ready to Read (cont.) Building Your Vocabulary Reformation ( REH ·fuhr·MAY·shuhn) indulgence (ihn·DUHL·juhns) The Reformation Begins denomination (dih· NAH ·muh·NAY·shuhn) theology (thee·AH·luh·jee) predestination (pree· DEHS ·tuh·NAY·shuhn)

5. Get Ready to Read (cont.) The Reformation Begins Reading Strategy Cause and Effect Create a diagram like the one on page 633 of your textbook to show some of the reasons for the Reformation.

6. Calls for Church Reform Martin Luther was a monk who challenged the Roman Catholic Church. At first Luther wanted only to reform the Catholic Church, leading to the period being called the Reformation. (pages 634–637) The movement to create Christian churches other than the Catholic Church became known as Protestantism. The Reformation Begins

7. Calls for Church Reform (cont.) Desiderius Erasmus was a leader in Christian humanism. He felt humans could use reason to be better Christians. (pages 634–637) The Reformation Begins People became upset with the Church’s focus on money.

8. Calls for Church Reform (cont.) They were also upset over the sale of indulgences, or a reduction in the Church’s punishment for a person’s sins. This practice motivated Martin Luther to write a list of 95 arguments against selling indulgences. (pages 634–637) The Reformation Begins

9. Calls for Church Reform (cont.) Church leaders felt threatened by Luther, and the pope excommunicated him. Luther’s ideas led to a new religious denomination, or organized branch of Christianity. (pages 634–637) The Reformation Begins Lutheranism was the first Protestant denomination. This list became known as the Ninety- Five Theses.

10. Why did Erasmus want to translate the Bible into the vernacular? Erasmus believed everyone should be able to study the Bible. Erasmus thought that participating in religious activities was not enough. The Reformation Begins

11. Politics and Lutheranism Kings realized they could increase their power if they supported Lutheranism. (page 639) When the kings became Lutheran, their entire kingdoms did also. Local kings and nobles of the Holy Roman Empire did not want Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, to become too powerful. The Reformation Begins

12. Politics and Lutheranism (cont.) Charles V warred with the local kings but could not defeat them. (page 639) The fighting ended with the Peace of Augsburg. The Catholic Church could not earn income from the Lutheran kingdoms. The Reformation Begins

13. What was the role of Charles V in the rise of Lutheranism? Charles V was the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Because he had so much power, other rulers resented him and wanted to get out from under his control. After warring with the rulers, Charles V signed the Peace of Augsburg, an agreement that let each ruler decide whether his kingdom would be Lutheran or Catholic. Most of northern Germany became Protestant as a result of this agreement. The Reformation Begins

14. Calvin and Calvinism Forced to flee Paris because of his discussions of Lutheranism, Calvin found safety in Geneva, Switzerland. Early in his life, John Calvin studied theology, the study of questions about God, in Paris. (pages 640–641) Calvin taught that God’s will is absolute and decides everything in the world in advance, including who will go to heaven and who will not. The Reformation Begins

15. Calvin and Calvinism (cont.) Calvinism encouraged people to work hard at their business and to behave themselves. This belief is called predestination. (pages 640–641) Calvin’s belief that congregations should choose their own leaders supported the idea of English settlers in America that they should be able to elect their own political leaders. The Reformation Begins

16. Calvin and Calvinism (cont.) Calvinism became the basis of many Protestant churches, such as the Puritans and Presbyterians. (pages 640–641) The Reformation Begins

17. What were indulgences, and why did they become controversial? An indulgence was a pardon for sin from the Church. Luther believed the sale of indulgences was unholy.

18. The Reformation Begins What were John Calvin’s basic beliefs about God’s will? Calvin believed in predestination and that God’s will was absolute.

19. Explain What were the Ninety-Five Theses? The Ninety-Five These were Luther’s arguments against the sale of indulgences. The Reformation Begins

20. Cause and Effect Who was Erasmus, and how were his ideas about Christianity affected by humanism? Erasmus was a scholar and clergyman who believed reason could make people better Christians and improve the Church. The Reformation Begins

21. Analyze How did Europe’s peasants react to Luther’s teachings, and what was Luther’s response? They used Luther’s teachings to legitimize their right to rebel; he told them God had put the government above them and they must obey it. The Reformation Begins

22. Creative Writing Write a script for a play about an imaginary meeting between Martin Luther and John Calvin. Think about what the two men may have discussed concerning their beliefs and how they differed. Scripts may vary. The Reformation Begins

23. Explain how the sale of indulgences and Luther’s interpretation of the Bible led to his break with the Catholic Church. The Reformation Begins