1. Joshua at Jericho

2. Salem Witch Trials In 1692, 20 were executed in Massachusetts

3. Turkish-Armenian Genocide 1.5 million of 2.5 million Armenians in Turkey were exterminated between 1915 and 1923. "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?"

4. Holocaust Six million Jews (67% of Europe’s population) were exterminated Others: Roma, mentally retarded, mentally disturbed, 3 million Soviet POWs, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Communists, Socialists

5. Cambodia: Killing Fields Pol Pot and Khmer Rouge kill 1.7 million (21% of population)

6. Rwanda In 1994, within 100 days 800,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus are exterminated

7. Kosovo: Ethnic Cleansing

8. Questions Involving Genocide Will genocide be a consistent state of affairs during the next several decades? Under what conditions should the US intervene to prevent genocide? To what extent should color, culture, religion and economics matter? What social conditions lead otherwise good women and men to kill their neighbors?

9. William Shirer’s Analysis Why did so few Germans resist working in the concentration camps? A summation of western history since the Magna Carta Flaw in German national character Implies that a German-style concentration would not flourish in the US, Britain, France, Italy, etc

10. Nuremberg Trials Hermann Goering’s statement Nazi defense Justice Jackson’s summation

11. Hannah Arendt and Adolph Eichmann Arendt was a prominent social philosopher employed by the New York Times to cover the Eichmann trial Summarized her conclusion in Eichmann in Jerusalem: On the Banality of Evil

12. Adolph Eichmann Eichmann: His responsibilities during WWII Post-war fugitive Capture by the Israelis What kind of person would contribute to the deaths of millions of persons

13. Adolph Eichmann and Arendt’s Hypothesis Slightly above average intelligence, no sign of pathology on psychological tests, good organizer Other than during the ‘Final Solution’ there is o evidence of criminal activity Viewed himself as a good soldier who believed that not one Jew died because he was born Arendt’s Hypothesis: In obedience to authority the average person will commit extreme anti-social actions such as mass murder.

14. Mai Lai

15. William Calley Led massacre of 300 unarmed women, children, and elderly Sentenced to life at hard labor Served 5 months and was pardoned by Nixon Married and living a ‘normal’ life outside of Ft Benning, GA

16. Hugh Thompson put his guns on Americans, said he would shoot them if they shot another Vietnamese, had his people wade in the ditch in gore to their knees, to their hips, took out children, took them to the hospital... Awarded Soldier’s Medal in 1996 Living a ‘normal’ life

17. Theories of Obedience to Unjust Authority Nazis were an aberration in history Shirer: Flaw in German character Arendt: Flaw in human character Milgram: A social psychologist looks at obedience

18. Milgram’s Baseline Procedure

19. 63% shock to the limit (STL)

20. Questions From Milgram’s Paradigm (1) Is blind obedience to authority a distinctly American characteristic? Did the ‘teacher’ enjoy shocking the ‘learner?’ Does the status of the authority figure affect obedience?

21. Questions From Milgram’s Paradigm (2) Does the personality of the victim affect obedience? Are the personalities of the maximally obedient and maximally rebellious subjects different? How would a moral person respond in Milgram’s study?

22. Questions From Milgram’s Paradigm (3) Were Milgram’s results predictable? Why are Milgram’s results surprising? A naive belief in the relationship of morality to behavior

23. Ethical Criticisms of Milgram’s Work No true informed consent Participants experienced significant stress Long-term negative effects on self-worth

24. Milgram’s Response To Ethical Criticism Extensive debriefing After session discovered learner was not harmed Participants were free to leave No evidence of permanent psychological harm

25. Follow-up of Milgram’s Participants 80% reported that they were “Very Glad” or “Glad” they participated. 15% had “No Strong Feelings” Just over 1% were “Sorry” or “Very Sorry” 80% said more research of this kind should be done. 74% said they learned something of lasting value.

26. A Question Mark: The Cost of Ethics? ?

27. How To Get Good Men and Women To Murder Their Neighbors Get them to say: I hate or I would never