1. Genetics FACEOFF Review Game

2. Who suggested that traits passed through pangenes (alterations made to self passed to offspring)?  Hippocrates

3. Which blood type is considered the universal donor because it does not have any antigens?  Type O

4. What 3 things make up a nucleotide?  Sugar, Phosphate, Nitrogenous Base

5. What type of mutation occurs when one nitrogenous base is changed which affects only one amino acid?  Point mutation

6. Give an example of a disorder caused by a mutation.  Sickle-cell anemia, colorblindness, hemophilia

7. Who confirmed that DNA was the hereditary molecule being transferred through generations?  Oswald Avery

8. If you perform a dihybrid cross and both parents are heterozygous for both traits, what is the expected phenotypic ratio?  9 : 3 : 3 : 1

9. What do we call the genetic makeup of an organism?  Genotype

10. What do we call a mistake made during meiosis that results in having too many of a chromosome?  Trisomy

11. Give an example of a gamete (germ cell).  Sperm or egg (ovum)

12. During meiosis I, what is being separated?  Homologous chromosomes

13. What type of mutation occurs when a nitrogenous base is added or deleted which affects the whole amino acid sequence?  Frameshift mutations

14. Back in the day, they thought that ________ were the hereditary material, not DNA.  Proteins

15. What has allowed use to know what genes sit on each chromosome in the human body?  Human Genome Project

16. When performing a testcross, what genotype is used?  Homozygous recessive

17. How many chromosomes are found in a gamete?  23

18. What pattern of inheritance is this?  Sex-linked

19. Who is considered the “father” of modern genetics?  Gregor Mendel

20. What is the likelihood that a certain event will occur?  Probability

21. Over time, beneficial mutations should become ______ in the gene pool.  common

22. Type AB blood is an example of what type of inheritance pattern?  Codominance

23. Who determined the composition of DNA  A=T and C=G?  Erwin Chargaff

24. During meiosis II, what is being separated?  Sister chromatids

25. All DNA “fingerprints” are stored in an online system known as…?  CODIS

26. Spermatogenesis creates how many new sperm cells? 44

27. When looking at potential outcomes of two traits, you would have to perform a _______ cross.  Dihybrid

28. Who used x-ray diffraction to determine that DNA was a double helix shape?  Rosalind Franklin

29. What do we call a mutation that occurs in typical body cells and therefore does not get passed on to the next generation?  Somatic mutation

30. This protein cuts DNA into smaller fragments resulting in a DNA fingerprint.  Restriction enzyme

31. What process occurs during Prophase I that ensures genetic diversity?  Crossing over

32. Oogenesis creates how many ovum (eggs)? 11

33. On a pedigree, circles represent ________.  Females

34. What do we call the first cell of life (when a sperm joins an egg)?  Zygote

35. What process has allowed us to make human insulin in bacterial cells?  Cloning

36. Who was credited with the discovery of DNA’s structure and won a Nobel Prize for it?  James Watson and Francis Crick

37. DNA is __________ charged.  Negatively

38. What do we call a person who has the recessive gene but does not express it?  Carrier

39. These help up to track certain traits in our family trees.  Pedigrees

40. What type of mutation occurs when a portion of a chromosome is lost and the information is lost with it?  Deletion

41. In gel electrophoresis, ______ fragments of DNA travel further.  smaller

42. If we needed to produce more DNA for forensic testing, what procedure would we use?  Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

43. If you have two of the same allele, your genotype is __________.  homozygous

44. Having an extra 21 st chromosome results in what disorder?  Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

45. Each person has different forms of genes called ______.  Alleles

46. What do we call a change in a DNA or RNA sequence?  Mutation

47. What sugar is found in DNA?  Deoxyribose

48. Which blood type is the universal acceptor because it doesn’t have any antibodies?  Type AB

49. What do we call the useful portion of a chromosome that codes for proteins?  Gene

50. What do we call a mutation that occurs in sex cells and therefore gets passed on to the next generation?  Germline mutation

51. When two alleles are inherited, the one that is expressed is considered the __________ trait.  dominant

52. What type of bond holds nitrogenous bases together in DNA?  Hydrogen

53. What base is found in RNA but not in DNA?  Uracil

54. Inheriting only one X sex chromosome would result in what disorder?  Turner’s syndrome

55. This law states that a pair of alleles is separated during the formation of gametes so that each gamete formed is not identical.  Law of Segregation

56. What type of mutation occurs when a portion of a chromosome is added but it attaches in the reverse direction?  Inversion

57. What type of bond holds sugar and phosphate together in DNA?  Covalent

58. How many chromosomes are in a somatic cell?  46

59. Give an example of a mutagen.  UV light, tobacco, asbestos (any carcinogen – certain chemicals)

60. What is the shape of DNA?  Double helix

61. What does the acronym DNA stand for?  Deoxyribonucleic Acid

62. What do we call a picture of chromosomes that can be used to discover abnormalities?  Karyotype

63. Inheriting an XXY for sex chromosomes means you would have what disorder?  Kleinfelter’s syndrome

64. Name two ways that crops could be improved using biotechnologies such as gene splicing.  Improving yield, reducing vulnerability, increasing nutritional qualities, improving taste, reducing dependence on pesticides

65. What type of plant did Mendel use for his genetic studies?  Pea Plant

66. When pollen from one plant is placed onto the stigma of a different plant, this is known as…?  Cross pollination

67. This law states that the inheritance of one trait will not affect the inheritance of the other, meaning you will not get all your traits from one parent.  Law of Independent Assortment

68. What do you call the physical traits of an organism?  Phenotype

69. If you have two different alleles for a trait, you have a ________ genotype.  heterozygous

70. When a red flower and a white flower are crossed and all the offspring end up pink, this is an example of what pattern of inheritance?  Incomplete dominance

71. Sex-linked traits appear most often in _________.  Males

72. Give an example of a sex-linked trait.  Colorblindness, Baldness, Hemophilia

73. What are the 4 possible blood types?  A, B, AB, and O

74. On a pedigree, squares represent _______.  Males

75. The end result of meiosis is 4 _____ cells.  haploid

76. Sister chromatids separate during which phase of meiosis?  Anaphase II

77. What are 3 things that DNA could be obtained from?  Blood, hair, saliva, skin