1. Economies in History Chapter 2 The chapter focus will be “What economic changes happened when Europeans came to North America?” Economic empowerment/security means having enough money to meet your needs with some extra for your wants.

2. Economic Systems All societies have some kind of economic system. Their main purpose answers these questions: 1) What goods and services do people want? 2) How can we produce these 3) How will we distribute them? How these are answered depends on technologies used through history.

3. Economic Systems Economies are categorized based on their usage of manufacturing technologies to produce goods for sale. Those that use these technologies are called industrial economies. These first started in Europe in the early 1700’s.

4. Economic Systems Pre-Industrial- Needs/wants: food & handmade goods Production: family farms or hunting, human used tools, wind, water, or animal power. Distribution: buying and selling, sharing, trading

5. Economic Systems Industrial- Needs/Wants: Manufactured goods, Natural resources like minerals Production: Big factories, mechanical tools like a steam or gas engine Distribution: Buying and selling

6. Economic Systems Post-Industrial- Needs/Wants: Information services and manufactured goods Production: Big and small companies, computers & internet. Distribution: mostly buying and selling

7. First Nations & Inuit Economies First Nations have been in N.A. since time immemorial. Each society had its own political, economic, and cultural systems. Needs & Wants Depended on the land & natural resources for survival Economies were based on the natural resources of the area.

8. First Nations & Inuit Economies Aboriginal Peoples Aboriginal – living in a land from earliest times. There are three groups of Aboriginals in Canada: Inuit – The first people of the region north of the tree line (where trees no longer grow), also parts of northern Quebec and Labrador

9. First Nations & Inuit Economies First Nations – The first peoples of the rest of the land in Canada. Examples from the Atlantic would be the Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, Passamquoddy, Innu. Metis – The first Metis were the children of Inuit or First Nations women and European traders. Today the Metis are descendants of these people.

10. First Nations & Inuit Economies Production – Made by hand using mostly bone and stone tools. Innu used all parts of the caribou, meat (food), bones (tools), hides (clothing, shelter, shoes) Traveled in small groups or whole community following resources in each season. People worked together, men would hunt & women would prepare meat and hides. Inuit and First Nations believed that people and nature (land, water, plants & animals) were one in the same. This meant that they held a deep respect for resources as they are the source of life now and for the future.

11. First Nations & Inuit Economies Distribution: Many communities shared what was produced especially in the north where resources were limited year round. Hunting and fishing over large areas was important, but some nations had clear boundaries of their areas and defended them Some nations shared their territories peacefully (Mi’Kmaq & Maliseet) Trade was common between nations. Innu trade with Algonquin for corn, Algonquin got corn by trading moose & beaver hides with the Wendat for corn.

12. Newcomers Beginning about 1500 Europeans arrive in North America The French & English set up colonies like Halifax & Louisburg They came with their own economic ideas Needs & Wants: Why did Europeans leave homelands? European nations wanted more land To spread their culture and religion Individual economic opportunities

13. Newcomers Needs & Wants: Private land ownership, not a possibility in Europe for most Natural resources like timber, furs, fish, seal oil/pelts, and mineral to sell in Europe Production: Until 1700’s Europeans used hand tools to make things by hand People specialized in an area like blacksmith, baker, shoemaker, weaver etc. People often produced their own goods in this pre- industrial society

14. Newcomers Distribution: Based on the idea that if you owned land or a resource you could make as much profit from as you can. People did help each other but their main goal was to benefit themselves and their families Original settlers had to make do with what they brought with them, could make, or gain through trade In time Europeans had hopes of setting up a market system like in Europe to buy and sell

15. The Impact of Contact Contact is the term used to refer to when Europeans first came to North America. This arrival of newcomers caused serious problems for First Nation and Inuit people. Early Contact (Maritimes) Fist Nations were curious and wanted to know what Europeans were all about The newcomers needed help to survive as this land was foreign to them

16. The Impact of Contact Early Contact (Maritimes) Both groups saw economic opportunities with each other. Europeans wanted fish & furs, First Nations wanted tools like knives, pots, hammers, guns, axes. This began the “fur trade”

17. The Impact of Contact Treaties Conflicts between Europeans & First Nations happened from the point of contact. Treaties were established to help them get along. A Treaty is an agreement between two or more nations that sets out the nations’ rights and responsibilities to be honoured and respected. Great Britain (G.B.) believed that treaties would make sure the First Nations would side with them and not the French if conflict were to arise. Between 1717-1779 G.B. & First Nations entered into a number of treaties called the “Covenant Chain of Treaties” or “Treaties of Peace and Friendship” British were to respect First Nations rights and F.N. were to act peacfully toward the British

18. The Impact of Contact Effects of Fur Trade First Nations economies changed. Used to fish during one part of the year and hunt in the other With the fur trade they spent more time hunting fur bearing animals. This meant they had to rely on European products such as flour and cloth to meet their needs because they were not fishing and hunting for their own needs but for European trade. This trade of fur would not last forever in the Maritimes because eventually animal population would decline and European would move westward to find more fur. This left the F.N. struggling to meets their basic needs and European settlements made it hard to go back to traditional ways.

19. The Impact of Contact Effects of European Settlement First Nations were used to sharing the land & they did not see a problem doing so with Europeans at first. But private land ownership by Europeans was something new to them. Forest were cut down for farming and ranching leaving few hunting areas. Newcomers took over lakes and rivers Europeans weren’t shareing the land they were taking more for themselves Not what F.N. expected from treaties. Europeans felt their economic, political & cultural ways were superior.