1. History and Institutions of the EU IREU 207/PSIR 201 Session 2 Assistant Professor Dr. Alexander Bürginn

2. Foundation of two German states Developments after WW2 – War allies splitted Germany into four zones – Due to emergence of cold war common governance became impossibe – UK/US pushed for the establishment of a Western German State – SU reacted with a closure of all routes between Berlin and Western zones – Western allies reacted with air lift, SU gave up Berlin blocade in May 1949 – Foundation of West and East Germany in same year

5. The Schuman Plan French approach after WW2 – Prevent recovery of Germany, keep it under allied control, divide it into several small states Pressure of cold war – UK/US pushed France to accept the reestablishment of a Western German state – France tried to find a way to control Germany - common control of coal and steel sector which are important for the war industry – Germany and Italy considered the common project as way to regain international reputation

6. Paris Treaty 1951 (ECSC) Establishment of Coal and Steal Community – Proposed by French foreign minister Robert Schuman on 9 May 1950 – Aim: Common Management of Coal and Steal Resources – Implementation of common decisions monitored by High Authority (forerunner of European Commission)

7. The Pleven Plan for an European Defence Community Background: – Korea War: Communist North attacked South – Western fear: Risk of a communist attack to West Germany – Response: UK/US wanted to rearm Germany; France against it Pleven Plan (French Prime Minister) – European army composed of soldiers from the member states including Germany – However no national army for Germany

8. The failure of the Pleven Plan Supported by the governments – Support of Ge, It, Benelux; UK refused to participate Rejected by the French Parliament in 1952 – International Treaties have to be ratified – French parliament voted against it Alternative security structure – Intergovernmental cooperation in the Western European Union – German army formed, but with restricted mandate: no operations beyond German borders

9. The idea of a common market (1) The road to the Rome Treaties – Germany and the Benelux countries promoted the idea of a common market, however France was rather sceptical as it considered the German industry more competitive than the French – French position was weakened by military defeat in Suez crisis – Package Deal: France accepted the EEC in return for Euratom (common research on nuclear energy could facilitate the construction of a French atomic bomb) and CAP (as France had a larger farming sector than Germany France benefitted more from CAP)

10. The idea of a common market (2) The road to the Rome Treaties: – The failure of the European Defence Policy showed that political integration projects are too ambitious, however the political leaders were under pressure to deliver results and keep the integration process on track – This normative pressure/constraints facilitated a compromise between the different preferences of France, Germany, Italy and the Benelux countries

11. Rome Treaties 1957 Establishment of European Economic Community (EEC), first step: abolition of import taxes In addition creation of Euratom (cooperation in nuclear energy research) and establishment of a common agricultural policy (a subsidies system for farmers)

12. Suez Canal http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/the-suez-canal1.gif

13. The 1963 crisis: UK’s accession refused by France Why UK applied: – Economic success of EEC Why France was against it: – UK accession would undermine French leadership in Europe – Official position: UK does not fit economically – Strategy: accept accession negotiations, but set the price (too) high The French veto: – Justified by a UK-US missile deal, presented by de Gaulle as evidence that UK is closer to US than to Europe – Second veto in 1967

14. The 1965 crisis: Empty Chair crisis Backround: – Creation of the Common Agricultural Policy raised the question of its funding – European Commission suggested a) own resources for the EEC and b) budget approval by the European Parliamentary Assembly (EPA) – Supported by Ge, It, Benelux French reaction: – Against incrase of power of the EPA and own resources for the EEC – French ministers boycotted all Council meetings from June 1965 to January 1966

15. The Luxemburg Compromise 1966 A victory of de Gaulle – Budget financed by national contributions – Decision taken by member states, no approval rights for EPA – No qualified majority vote after completition of the Custom Union, veto right if vital national interests are at stake Conflicts illustrate the struggle between supranationalism and intergovernmentalism