1. Unit 8B: Motivation and Emotion: Emotions, Stress and Health

2. Unit Overview Theories of Emotion Embodied Emotion Expressed Emotion Experienced Emotion Stress and Health Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

3. Theories of Emotion

4. Theories of emotions Emotion –Physiological arousal –Expressive behavior –Conscious experience Common sense theory

5. Theories of emotions James-Lange theory

6. Theories of emotions Cannon-Bard theory

7. Theories of emotions Two-factor theory –Schachter-Singer

8. Theories of emotions

9. Embodied Emotion

10. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system –Sympathetic nervous system arousing –Parasympathetic nervous system Calming –Moderate arousal is ideal

11. Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

12. Physiological Similarities Among Specific Emotions Different movie experiment

13. Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions Differences in brain activity –Amygdala –Frontal lobes Nucleus accumbens –PolygraphPolygraph

14. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Can Define Emotion Spill over effect –Schachter-Singer experiment Arousal fuels emotions, cognition channels it

15. Cognition and Emotion Cognition Does Not Always Precede Emotion Influence of the amygdala

16. Expressed Emotion

17. Detecting Emotion Nonverbal cues –Duchenne smile

18. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

20. Culture and Emotional Expression

21. Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

22. The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback

23. Experienced Emotion

24. Fear Adaptive value of fear The biology of fear –amygdala

25. Anger –Evoked by events –CatharsisCatharsis –Expressing anger can increase anger

26. Happiness –Feel-good, do-good phenomenonFeel-good, do-good phenomenon –Well-beingWell-being

27. Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson’s studies

28. Happiness Wealth and Well-Being

30. Happiness Two Psychological Phenomena: Adaptation and Comparison Happiness and Prior Experience –Adaptation-level phenomenonAdaptation-level phenomenon Happiness and others’ attainments –Relative deprivationRelative deprivation

31. Happiness Predictors of Happiness

32. Stress and Health

33. Introduction Health psychology Behavioral medicine

34. Stress and Illness Stress –Stress appraisal

35. Stress and Illness The Stress Response System Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS)general adaptation syndrome (GAS) –Alarm –Resistance –exhaustion

36. Stress and Illness General Adaptation Syndrome

37. Stress and Illness Stressful Life Events Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles

38. Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease Type A versus Type B –Type AType A –Type BType B

39. Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological illnesses Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) –LymphocytesLymphocytes B lymphocytes T lymphocytes –Stress and AIDS –Stress and Cancer

40. The End

41. Definition Slides

42. Emotion = a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience.

43. James-Lange Theory = the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli.

44. Cannon-Bard Theory = the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion.

45. Two-factor Theory = the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal.

46. Polygraph = a machine, commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion (such as perspiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes).

47. Facial Feedback = the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions, as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intensifies feelings of anger or happiness.

48. Catharsis = emotional release. The catharsis hypothesis maintains that “releasing’ aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges.

49. Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon = people’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood.

50. Well-being = self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people’s quality of life.

51. Adaptation-level Phenomenon = our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience.

52. Relative Deprivation = the perception that we are worse off relative to those with whom we compare ourselves.

53. Behavioral Medicine = an interdisciplinary field that integrates behavior and medical knowledge and applies that knowledge to health and disease..

54. Health Psychology = a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine.

55. Stress = the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging.

56. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) = Selye’s concept of the body’s adaptive response to stress in three phases – alarm, resistance, exhaustion.

57. Coronary Heart Disease = the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in North America.

58. Type A = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.

59. Type B = Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people.

60. Psychophysiological Illness = literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress- related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

61. Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) = the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health.

62. Lymphocytes = the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system; B lymphocytes form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T lymphocytes form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances.