1. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3-1

2. A Composite Cell Is a hypothetical cell
A Composite Cell
Is a hypothetical cell
Cells are differentiated (suited for their particular purpose)
Examples
Neurons
Muscle cells
Sperm
Egg
3-3

4. Cells….. 3 Fundamental pieces needed in a cell Plasma membrane:
phospholipid bilayer
Proteins
Cholesterol
Cytoplasm
Everything within the cell membrane except for
Nucleus
Contains hereditary information

5. Cell Membrane outer limit of cell
outer limit of cell
controls what moves in and out of cell
selectively permeable
phospholipid bilayer
water-soluble “heads” form surfaces
water-insoluble “tails” form interior
permeable to lipid-soluble substances
cholesterol stabilizes the membrane
proteins
receptors: receive information
pores, channels, carriers: allow materials to pass through
enzymes: speed up chemical reactions
CAMS: cell adhesion molecules
self-markers: ID the cell as part of the organism
3-4

7. Cell Membrane
3-5

8. The Fluid mosaic model
The components of the cell membrane are all moving randomly, switching positions

9. Intercellular Junctions
Intercellular Junctions
Tight junctions
close space between cells
located among cells that form linings
Desmosomes
form “spot welds” between cells
located among outer skin cells
Gap junctions
tubular channels between cells
located in cardiac muscle cells
3-6

10. Cell Adhesion Molecules
Cell Adhesion Molecules
guide cells on the move
selectin – allows white blood cells to “anchor”
integrin – guides white blood cells through capillary walls
important for growth of embryonic tissue
important for growth of nerve cells
3-7

11. Movements Into and Out of the Cell
Passive (Physical) Processes
require no cellular energy
simple diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
filtration
Active (Physiological) Processes
require cellular energy
active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
transcytosis
3-14

12. Simple Diffusion
movement of substances from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
oxygen, carbon dioxide and lipid-soluble substances
3-15

13. Facilitated Diffusion
diffusion across a membrane with the help of a channel or carrier molecule
glucose
3-16

14. Cells and Solutions
Cells have many materials dissolved in their cytoplasm, as does the extracellular environment around the cell. Water may move in or out of the cell in response to the concentration of these materials, called solutes. Nature works to dilute solutions by moving water where there is a high concentration of solute and low water in comparison to an adjacent area.

15. Solutions Solvent: does the dissolving
usually water in living things
Solute: gets dissolved in the solvent
can be just about anything, but common ones include
Salts
Ions
sugars

16. Tonicity
Hypertonic: when the solute concentration is higher than the surrounding environment
Hypotonic: when the solute concentration is lower than the surrounding environment
Isotonic: when the solute concentration is the same as the surrounding environment

17. Osmosis
movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration
water moves toward a higher concentration of solutes
3-17

18. Cells and Solutes
A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution; cell shrinks
A cell is placed in a hypotonic solution; cell swells

19. Osmosis & Pressure
Osmotic Pressure – ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
Osmotic pressure increases as the concentration of nonpermeable solutes increases
hypertonic – higher osmotic pressure
hypotonic – lower osmotic pressure
isotonic – same osmotic pressure
3-18

20. Tonicity and RBCs hypertonic – higher osmotic pressure: cells shrink
isotonic – same osmotic pressure: cells remain the same size
hypotonic – lower osmotic pressure: cells swell
Animations: link

21. Filtration smaller molecules are forced through porous membranes
hydrostatic pressure important in the body
Ex: molecules leaving blood capillaries
3-19

22. Active Transport
carrier molecules transport substances across a membrane from regions of lower concentration to regions of higher concentration
sugars, amino acids, sodium ions, potassium ions, etc.
3-20

23. Endocytosis
cell engulfs a substance by forming a vesicle around the substance
three types
pinocytosis – substance is mostly water
phagocytosis – substance is a solid
receptor-mediated endocytosis – requires the substance to bind to a membrane-bound receptor
3-21

24. Endocytosis
3-22

25. Exocytosis reverse of endocytosis
substances in a vesicle fuse with cell membrane
contents released outside the cell
Ex: release of neurotransmitters from nerve cells
3-23

26. Transcytosis endocytosis followed by exocytosis
transports a substance rapidly through a cell
Ex: HIV crossing a cell layer
3-24

27. Questions you must answer
Questions you must answer. You may use the transport mechanisms animations on the Bio II page to do so. When asked to compare and contrast, things you may want to think about include: Think in terms of types of materials involved (size, polarity, etc), energy (ATP) use, and how things get in/ out of the cell (protein channels and the types of channels vs. using the membrane itself).
Answer these questions in the appropriate place in your notes packet.

28. PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines to accompany
Hole’s Human
Anatomy and Physiology
Tenth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 3: Part II
Organelles
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
3-1

29. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
connected, membrane-bound sacs, canals, and vesicles
Connected to nucleus
Communicate with the cell membrane
transport system
3-8

30. (ER)
rough ER
studded with ribosomes
protein and lipid synthesis
smooth ER
lipid synthesis
break down of drugs
Break down of lipids
Cell with many ER would be those responsible for making proteins, as well as those that are used to break down drugs
Products of ER used to make new cell membrane pieces
3-8

31. Ribosomes free floating or connected to ER (rough ER)
Ribosomes
free floating or connected to ER (rough ER)
site of protein synthesis (link AAs to form proteins)
Made from proteins and RNA (rRNA)
3-8

32. Golgi Apparatus/ Bodies
Golgi Apparatus/ Bodies
group of flattened, membranous sacs (cisternae)
Connect to the ER (which coming out of the nucleus)
packages and modifies proteins (adds carbohydrates, lipids etc as needed)
3-9

33. Golgi
Pieces bud off and become vesicles that can release contents to the cell (vesicle trafficking) or outside of the cell (secretory vesicles that break out)
Common in white blood cells and liver cells, or those that make protein hormones (like insulin)
3-9

34. Golgi
Pieces bud off and become vesicles that can release contents to the cell (vesicle trafficking) or outside of the cell (secretory vesicles that break out)
Common in white blood cells and liver cells, or those that make protein hormones (like insulin)
3-9

36. Mitochondria membranous sacs with inner partitions
Mitochondria
membranous sacs with inner partitions
generate energy by making ATP from sugars and oxygen (from the foods we eat as well as the air we breathe)
“Powerhouse” of the cell
3-9

37. Mitochondria double membrane bound structure
Mitochondria
double membrane bound structure
Inner membrane folds are the cristae, which have enzymes on them and control the chemical reactions that release energy (ATP)
The stuff in between the fold is the matrix
3-9

38. Mitochondria Have own DNA
Mitochondria
Have own DNA
Get mitochondrial DNA from mom only (mitochondrial Eve- tracing ancestors)
Possible once a primitive cell
Resemble bacteria
? Bacteria taken into cells?
Typical cell has 1700 mitochondria; more in cells that need a lot of energy (like muscles)
3-9

39. Lysosomes Lysosomes enzyme-containing sack Sack of membrane
digest worn out cell parts or unwanted substances by using enzymes (40 types, at least)
Called the “suicide sack” because breaking it open would digest cell contents
3-10

40. Peroxisomes Peroxisomes sacks of phospholipid membrane
break down organic molecules (like drug, alcohol, or food molecules) by using enzymes
Peroxidases- make hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) when breaking down molecules
H2O2 is destructive to cells so must be removed
Catalase- breaks down hydrogen peroxide
40 other types
Abundant in liver
3-10

41. Centrosomes Centrosome two rod-like centrioles (made from proteins)
used to produce cilia and flagella
distributes chromosomes during cell division (mitosis) in animal cells
3-10

42. Cilia Cilia short hair-like projections
propel substances on cell surface
In respiratory tract (Smoker’s cough)
Lining of fallopian tubes to propel egg
In bacteria, they move the cell around
3-11

43. Flagellum Flagellum long tail-like projection Made from microtubules
provides motility to sperm
Animation link 1
Animation link 2
3-11

44. Vesicles Vesicles membranous sacs (phospholipid membrane) formed from
Pinched in pieces of cell membrane
Pieces of Golgi or ER that have broken off
store substances (can be just about anything- water, nutrients, enzymes, other proteins or substances that the cell has made)
3-12

45. Microfilaments and Microtubules
Microfilaments (smaller) and microtubules (larger)
thin rods and tubules of protein
support cytoplasm
Give shape, structure
allows for movement of organelles (pull organelles around- like “ Mr. Gadget arms”
Important during mitosis/ meiosis
animation
3-12

46. Inclusions Inclusions Chemicals in the cytoplasm Stored nutrients
Glycogen, lipids
Temporary- will go in or out over time
Ex: melanin in skin- a tan goes away over time
3-12

48. Cell Nucleus
control center of cell; involved with directing the cell when to make certain materials (usually proteins)
Surrounded by a
nuclear envelope
porous double membrane
(phospholipid with over 1000 types of proteins)
separates nucleoplasm from cytoplasm
Allows mRNA out to make proteins (translation)
Controls entry into and exit out of the nucleus
3-13

49. Cell Nucleus Nucleoplasm nucleolus (little nucleus)
dense collection of RNA and proteins
At least one per nucleus
site of ribosome production
Larger if protein making cells
Nucleoplasm
The goo that is in the nucleus and nucleolus
3-13

50. Cell Nucleus fibers of DNA and proteins (histones)
chromatin (colored substance)
fibers of DNA and proteins (histones)
Look like “beads on a string”
stores information for synthesis of proteins
3-13

51. First animation
From the nucleus to the golgi bodies
Overall cell review of organelles

52. Links to animations, ect
Diffusion links:
Osmosis Links:
Interactive cellular transport:
Interactive tutorial/ Quizzes

54. Cell links…
Cell structure:comparisons between cell types
Cell structure and function (right click on the here to start, and select play)

55. Just some good animation links