1. Incidence of West Nile Virus and other Mosquito Borne Viruses in Virginia in 2003

2. Virginia WNV Positive Totals, 2002 and 2003: 3. Sentinel Chickens: 6 flocks 10 birds 21 flocks 54 birds 2. Birds: 9321,041 4. Horses: 48234 1. Humans: 29 cases (2 deaths) 24 cases (1 death) 5. Mosquito Pools: 22343220022003 1.

3. Spatial and temporal distribution of WNV positive birds in Virginia in 2002; mid-August cut off date between early and late birds.. WNV Positive Birds as of Dec. 31, 2002 WNV Positive Birds (before 8/18/02) WNV Positive Birds (after 8/17/02) Human WNV Cases (29 total cases as of Dec. 31, 2002) 2.

4. Spatial and temporal distribution of WNV positive birds in Virginia in 2003; early-August cut-off date between early and late birds. WNV Positive Birds as of Dec. 31, 2003 WNV Positive Birds (before 8/2/03) WNV Positive Birds (after 8/1/03) 3.

5. Spatial and temporal distribution of WNV positive birds in Virginia in 2003; early-August cut off date between early and late birds. Human WNV Cases (24 total cases as of Dec. 31, 2003) WNV Positive Birds as of Dec. 31, 2003 WNV Positive Birds (before 8/2/03) WNV Positive Birds (after 8/1/03) 4.

6. Spatial and temporal distribution of WNV positive birds in Virginia in 2003; early-August cut off date between early and late birds. WNV Infected Horses (234 total as of Dec. 31, 2003) WNV Positive Birds as of Dec. 31, 2003 WNV Positive Birds (before 8/2/03) WNV Positive Birds (after 8/1/03) 5.

7. Number of Mosquitoes Tested for WNV 1 to 99 100 to 499 500 to 1,999 2,000 to 9,999 10,000 to 49,999 >50,000 11Charlottesville/ Albemarle Co. Roanoke Roanoke 6 Roanoke Co. Roanoke Co. 5 Botetourt Co. 1 Hopewell Hopewell 4 8 Henrico Co. Petersburg Petersburg18 1 Chesterfield Co. Richmond Richmond 31 Portsmouth 14 Norfolk Norfolk 4 12 Virginia Beach. 11 Chesapeake 11 Suffolk Hampton Hampton2 Arlington Co. Arlington Co. 105 Alexandria Alexandria 26 12 Loudoun Co. 151 Fairfax Co./Fairfax WNV Positive Mosquitoes (Pools) in VA. 432 WNV Mosquito Surveillance Efforts, by Jurisdiction, in Virginia in 2003; WNV Positive Mosquitoes found 6.

8. Oc. atlanticus/tormentor Cs. melanura Cx. salinarius Oc. canadensis Cx. pipiens An. crucians Ae. vexans Oc. sollicitans Cx. restuans SPECIES Cx. erraticus An. crucians/bradleyi Oc. taeniorhynchus Ps. ferox An. quadrimaculatus An. punctipennis Oc. triseriatus Cx. pipiens/restuans Ae. albopictus NUMBER TESTED 69,681 65,939 37,464 36,211 34278 28,642 7,922 25,214 4,355 4,488 4,320 2,578 2,303 2,136 2,124 1,610 1,038 10,757 POSITIVE POOLS 20 21 0 285 0 2 0 72 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 4 Cx. spp. Unidentified Mosquitoes An. spp. Ae. spp SPECIESTOTAL Ps. columbiae Oc. trivittatus Oc. infirmatus Ur. sapphirina Oc. japonicus Oc. sticticus Cq. perturbans NUMBER TESTED 5,099 1,232 388 368 351,405 814 383 780 14 21 301 845 POSITIVE POOLS 18 0 0 0 432 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 A Total of 351,405 Mosquitoes were Tested for WNV in 2003; 434 Pools Tested WNV Positive. 7.

9. Culex pipiens Culex salinarius Aedes vexans Culiseta melanura Culex pipiens/restuans Culex spp. Culex restuans Aedes albopictus Culex erraticus 285 21 2 20 9 18 72 4 1 35,067 59,545 24,188 68,200 757 4,353 20,364 9,061 2,639 123 2,835 12,094 3,410 84 241 282 2,265 2,639 Positive Pools Number Tested per Positive Mosquitoes Tested Mosquito Species WNV Positive Mosquito Species in 2003: 8.

10. WNV Positive Birds (before 8/2/03) WNV Positive Birds (after 8/1/03) WNV Human Cases WNV Horse Cases WNV in Birds, Humans and Horses in Northern VA in 2003. 9. FAIRFAX CO.. FAUQUIER CO.. ARLINGTON CO.. PRINCE WILLIAM CO.. LOUDOUN CO.. CULPEPER CO.. ALEXANDRIA

11. WNV in Birds, Humans and Horses in Northern VA in 2003. Data from dark gray jurisdictions is seen in following chart 10. FAIRFAX CO.. FAUQUIER CO.. ARLINGTON CO.. PRINCE WILLIAM CO.. LOUDOUN CO.. CULPEPER CO.. ALEXANDRIA

12. WNV Activity in Northern VA (Alexandria, Arlington Co., Fairfax Co., Loudoun Co. and Prince William Co.) During the 2003 Season. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 202224262830323436384042 44 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Number of WNV Positives 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 20222426283032343638404244 Culex spp. Tested MayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct. Culex spp. (Pools) WNV Positive WNV Positives Culex spp. Birds Humans Horses Week 22 Mosquitoes Tested All Culex spp. 11.

13. WNV Positive Birds (before 8/2/03) WNV Positive Birds (after 8/1/03) WNV Human Cases WNV Horse Cases WNV in Birds, Humans and Horses in the Tidewater Region in 2003. 12. CHESAPEAKE SUFFOLK VA BEACH ISLE OF WIGHT HAMPTON GLOUCESTER CO. MATHEWS CO. NORFOLK PORTSMOUTH

14. WNV in Birds, Humans and Horses in the Tidewater Region in 2003. Data from dark gray jurisdictions is seen in following chart 13. CHESAPEAKE SUFFOLK VA BEACH ISLE OF WIGHT HAMPTON GLOUCESTER CO. MATHEWS CO. NORFOLK PORTSMOUTH

15. WNV Activity in the Tidewater Area (Hampton, Norfolk, Portsmouth., Chesapeake, Suffolk, Virginia Beach and Isle of Wight Co.) in 2003. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Mosquitoes Tested 20222426283032343638404244 0 1 2 3 4 5 20222426283032343638404244 Mosquitoes (Pools) WNV Positive MayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct. WNV Positives Cx. pipiens Cs. melanura Mosquitoes Tested Culex pipiens Culiseta melanura Week 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Number of WNV Positives WNV Positives Birds Humans Horses 3250 3726 14.

16. WNV in Birds and Humans in the Richmond Area in 2003. WNV Positive Birds (before 8/2/03) WNV Positive Birds (after 8/1/03) WNV Human Cases WNV Horse Cases 15. HENRICO CO. CHESTERFIELD CO. HANOVER CO. CAROLINE CO. NEW KENT CO. KING WILLIAM CO. KING AND QUEEN CO. CHARLES CITY CO. POWHATAN CO. PRINCE GEORGE CO. PETERSBURG RICHMOND AMELIA CO.

17. WNV in Birds and Humans in the Richmond Area in 2003. 16. HENRICO CO. CHESTERFIELD CO. HANOVER CO. CAROLINE CO. NEW KENT CO. KING WILLIAM CO. KING AND QUEEN CO. CHARLES CITY CO. POWHATAN CO. PRINCE GEORGE CO. PETERSBURG RICHMOND AMELIA CO. GOOCHLAND CO LOUISA CO

18. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 20222426283032343638404244 Cx. pipiens Tested 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 222426283032343638404244 Cx. pipiens (Pools) WNV Positive Number of WNV Positives 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 0 MayJuneJulyAug.Sept.Oct. WNV Positives Cx. pipiens Birds Humans Horses Week 25 Mosquitoes Tested Culex pipiens. 17. WNV in Birds and Humans in the Richmond Area (Richmond, Petersburg, Hopewell, Colonial Heights, Chesterfield Co., and Henrico Co in 2003.

19. Eastern Equine Encephalitis in Mosquitoes, Horses, Sentinel Birds and Humans in Virginia in 2003. EEE Positives Human Case Mosquito Pools42 Sentinel Chickens27 7 21 3 10 1 1 Horses 9 21 6 18.

20. EEE in Mosquitoes, Horses, Sentinel Birds and Humans in Virginia During 2003. 19. 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 20222426283032343638404244 Mosquitoes Tested for EEE 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Mosquitoes (Pools) EEE Positive 20222426283032343638404244 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number Testing EEE Positive MayJuneJulyAug.Sept. Oct. Mosquitoes Tested Culiseta melanura EEE Positives Chickens Human Horses Culex salinarius EEE Positives Cs. melanura Cx. salinarius Week

21. LaCross Encephalitis (LAC) in Virginia in 2003. LaCrosse Encephalitis Human Cases 4 20. LAC Activity in Augusta County, VA is further east and north of where LAC cases have usually been found. Augusta Co. Tazwell Co

22. Conclusions: 1. WNV has not spread across Virginia as quickly as in other more northern states, but the 2003 season showed a dramatic increase in the distribution of WNV over its 2002 distribution 2. Although WNV may be found over large areas of the state, its activity appears to be focal or clustered (localized) in most areas. 3. Urban areas appear to have more intense WNV activity, partly because there are more people to report dead birds, or become sick themselves, but also because urban storm sewer systems and an abundance of containers provide a good breeding ground for Culex pipiens. 21.

23. Conclusions: 4. The early occurrence of WNV infected birds in the 2002 and 2003 seasons indicated localities where there was greater potential for occurrence of human cases. 5. In 2002 and 2003, human cases were more likely to live near where early clusters of WNV infected birds occurred. 6. Human cases rarely occurred where no early birds had been found, but there were many areas where heavy, early WNV activity was seen in birds, but no local human cases occurred. 22.

24. Conclusions: 7. WNV infected birds are good early indicators of WNV activity, but good mosquito surveillance can also provide a good early warning system. 8. In areas where human cases occurred, bird surveillance indicated WNV activity from 6 to 9 weeks before the first human case and mosquito surveillance indicated WNV activity from 2 to 7 weeks in advance. 9. Human cases typically occurred during, or just after the first big peak (increase) in the number of infected Cx. pipiens. 23.

25. Conclusions: 10. Culiseta melanura mosquitoes may serve as a good indicator for WNV activity, but Cx. pipiens are a much more sensitive species to monitor because very few have to be tested to yield WNV positives 11. The use of properly baited gravid traps to detect Culex pipiens mosquitoes is the most effective method of mosquito surveillance for WNV. 12. WNV infection in horses indicates local WNV activity, but horses do not serve as good sentinels because they usually get WNV at the same time or later in the season than most humans do. 24.

26. The End