1. Beast of the Earth. 13:11-15 New beast arises out of the ‘earth’- Europe. Concerned with events in West. Appears innocent and harmless - two horns like a lamb representing two aspects of power - Pope religious - Charlemagne military. Speaks with same voice as dragon of phase 1 and exercises authority of phase 2.

5. How Did Beast Speak? Speech shows still essentially pagan - opposed to truth. Imperialistic ambitions of Charlemagne - he had united all Germany under Frankish rule - similar to military ambitions of Eastern Emperor - hence he spoke as a dragon. 13:11. Conquering power of Franks in alliance with papacy introduced new phase of power - Germanic Empire became Holy Roman Empire.

6. Dual Control. Beast had two horns or contemporary dynasties. Pope as spiritual Emperor - Emperor as secular Pope. Beast of the earth not distinct dominion from beast of sea which came before it - but new development of it. It assumed power vested in beast of sea - exalted it and causeth the earth and them which dwell therein to worship the beast of the sea.13:12.

7. Holy Roman Empire in Action. 13:12… and he exerciseth all the power of the first beast before him - ie in his presence or sight (RV). People of the Empire were constrained to recognise and worship sea beast, controlled by Pope. “The sword of Charlemagne was extended not merely to increase his Empire, but to extend Christianity.”

10. Fire from Heaven? 13:13 he maketh fire come down from heaven - symbol of war and destruction. Charlemagne victorious in 33 campaigns. 13:14 By these signs and wonders the beast deceived them that dwell on the earth into believing Divine authority was on his side. 13:14 Two-horned beast proposes image to be made of recovered beast- visible representation. Papacy developed power like Imperial Emperor.

11. The Pope and The Image. In alliance with Charlemagne Pope develops exact likeness to old Roman Emperors. Especially true of Pope’s ruling over Papal States. Pope sole and absolute ruler in own territory - small scale replica of ancient Roman Empire.

12. The Image Lives and Speaks. 13:15 Victorious Charlemagne had power to give political vitality to Papal image of beast. The image spoke binding decrees to enforce men to worship it. It subdued and killed true believers. Empire supported this authority with the sword.

13. Image of the Beast. “The power of the great Latin patriarchate was a form, the ghost, it has been said, of the older Empire” ( Hallam) This ‘form’ is described in Revelation as a living image. “And if a man consider the original of the great Ecclesiastical dominion, he will easily perceive that the Papacy is no other than the ghost of the deceased Roman Empire, sitting crowned on the grave thereof; (Hobbes)

18. Did Two Horns Always Agree? Rivalry existed between Pope and Emperor. Between 10th and 13th century Pope gradually gained ascendancy. Belief in immortality of soul and spiritual claims of Papacy over men’s lives inevitably triumphed. By 1073 the Pope in Rome claimed :“the divine right to be supreme in all temporal and spiritual affairs. Pontifex Maximus”

19. Development of Little Horn. Expression ‘Holy See’ probably related to “eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things.” Dan 7:8 Existence of two-horned beast gave opportunity and power for Papacy to develop into the little horn of Daniel ch.7 - it could : speak and have eyes v.20 make war with saints v.21 displace three horns v.24 speak against God, wear out saints, change times and laws v.25.

20. Co-existence of the Beasts. Each of the three beasts of chs.12 & 13, plus the Image, continue on historically at the same time: In East - dragon enthroned at Constantinople. In West - the beast of Sea - Latin Kingdoms influenced by authority of Pope. In centre and to North - beast of the earth - Holy Roman Empire. States of Church - ecclesiastical temporal dominion.